1. Heredity:
The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring

2. Genetics:
The science of heredity and the process by which traits are passed from parents to offspring

3. P generation: The 1st two individuals that are crossed (parental generation)
F1 generation : The offspring of the P generation
(offspring of the parents)
F2 generation: The offspring of the F1 generation
(offspring of the F1 generation)

5. Mendel’s Hypotheses
1.) For each inherited character ( red, freckles, etc.), an individual has 2 copies of the gene – 1 from each parent

6. 2.) There are alternative versions of the gene known as alleles
Brown
Hair
Blonde Hair
Red Hair
Black Hair
2.) There are alternative versions of the gene known as alleles

7. Mother:
Brown Hair
Father:
Blonde Hair
Child:
Brown Hair
2.) Two different alleles occur together, one of them may be completely expressed while the other shows no observable appearance

8. R = dominant allele For example R = red hair Rr or RR
The expressed form a characteristic as: Dominant
R = dominant allele
For example R = red hair
Rr or RR
If R is dominant for red hair… then is it true that all of the Weasley children have either the Rr combination or the RR combination?

9. r = recessive trait = brown hair Rr
Trait NOT expressed while the dominant form is present is known as the: recessive allele
r = recessive trait = brown hair Rr
If the allele combination is rr is the recessive trait expressed? _____________ Why or why not?

10. Homozygous
- IF 2 alleles of a certain gene are the same, the individual is said to be: homozygous (** true regardless of if the two are dominant OR recessive**)
- Write using promethium board..

11. Heterozygous
If the alleles of a gene in an individual are different, the individual is: heterozygous
Write using promethium board

12. Genotype: set of alleles an individual has for a characteristic Example: Rr is the genotype for red hair

13. Phenotype: the physical appearance of a characteristic So … if the genotype is Rr then the phenotype is ____________________.

14. Questions: T = tan colored feathers t = white color feathers
Is t the dominant allele or the recessive allele?
_________________
An owl has white colored feathers ( tt ) , this physical appearance of having white feathers is known as the owl’s ________________ ?
If an owl’s genotype is Tt, what color feathers will it have? ____________

15. Law of Segregation
- states that the two alleles for a characteristic are segregate or SEPARATE when gametes are formed

16. Law of Independent Assortment: --Alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation -- The inheritance of one characteristic did not influence the inheritance of any other characteristic

17. Law of Independent Assortment/Segregation Lab B – brown hair b – blonde hair F – freckles f– no freckles C – curly hair c – straight hair G – gap in between front teeth g – no gap in between front teeth

18. Punnett Square: --predicts the outcome of a genetic cross
-- the basic 4 chambered Punnett Square can predict the outcome of a monohybrid cross
Monohybrid cross – a cross that considers one pair of contrasting traits between two individuals

19. Do example problem:
Ask students to name two different traits and have them decide which is dominant and which is recessive. Have them make up the genotype for both the father and the mother. Then have other students complete the crosses on the board. Have them come up and complete them on the board as well.

20. How could you find the genotype of an individual if it was not known?
Test Cross
Is performed when an individual shows a dominant phenotype but we are not sure whether they are heterozygous or homozygous.
These individuals are crossed with a homozygous recessive individual

22. Have students come up with an organism that has a dominant phenotype
Have students come up with an organism that has a dominant phenotype. Establish what letter the dominant will be and which is the recessive. Then have students choose the recessive homologous phenotype as well. Have a student or students come up to the board and do the test cross. Ask them why they filled in the blocks the way they did. Ask students what they can determine from the results.

23. If half of the offspring express the dominant trait and half express the recessive trait, then the unknown individual’s genotype is?
______________________________________

24. IF all of the offspring express the dominant phenotype which genotype is the unknown individual? _____________________________________

25. Discuss percents when performing crosses. Break each block into 25%
Discuss percents when performing crosses. Break each block into 25%. Discuss how by genotype you would see that depending on the parental crosses you could get 100% with all the same genotype or with a different parental cross you could get 75% with one genotype and 25% with another. Mention fractions as well/ratios for example 1:2:1 or 3:1
Ask them to answer about the percents to make sure they understand the concept
Make sure to mention that even though you have 75% and 25% the phenotype ( the physical appearance that you see may not be those exact percentages.

26. Section 4: Complex Patterns and Heredity
Polygenic Inheritance: when several genes influence a character

27. Incomplete dominance: an individual that displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents
Remember that in Mendel’s pea-plant crosses, one allele was completely dominant over another. In some organisms, however, an individual displays a phenotype that is intermediate between the two parents. This condition is known as incomplete dominance.
Straight hair + Curly Hair = Wavy hair why? Wavy hair is heterozygous and is the intermediate between straight and curly hair

28. red x white ---> red & white spotted
Codominance:
With codominance, a cross between organisms with two different phenotypes produces offspring with a third phenotype in which both of the parental traits appear together. 
red x white ---> red & white spotted

29. Roan Fur in Cattle WW = all white hairs
RR = all red hairs
RW = red & white hairs together

32. Sex-linked gene’s allele is located ONLY on the X or Y chromosome
Carried on the X chromosome
and are recessive
Males: only have one X chromosome (XY)
Male who carries a recessive allele on the X chromosome will express the sex-linked condition

33. Female: if she is a carrier of the recessive allele on
one X chromosome,
she will NOT exhibit
the allele if her
other X chromosome
exhibits the dominant allele
Thus her chances of inheriting AND expressing a sex-linked condition are significantly less than a males

35. Dihybrid Crosses
- A genetic cross that consists of two different traits instead of one

36. Dihybrid Crosses Instead of Rr x rr R= round, r = wrinkled
You are now including another trait into the cross:
Y= yellow, y = green
RRYY x rryy

37. RRYY x rryy
Parent 2
Parent 1

38. Parent 2 Parent 1 RRYY RRYy RrYy RrYY
In the breeding season, male Anole lizards court females by bobbing their heads up and down while displaying a colorful throat patch. Assume for this question that both males and females bob their heads and have throat patches. Assume also, that both traits are controlled by single locus genes on separate chromosomes. Now, suppose that anoles prefer to mate with lizards who bob their heads fast (F) and have red throat patches (R) and that these two alleles are dominant to their counterparts, slow bobbing and yellow throats. A male lizard heterozygous for head bobbing and homozygous dominant for the red throat patch mates with a female that is also heterozygous for head bobbing but is homozygous recessive for yellow throat patches.

39. Parent 2
Parent 1

41. Pedigree
--- A family history that shows how a trait is inherited over several generations

42. Albinism is a genetic disorder transmitted by a recessive allele.
The light purple symbols represent affected individuals

43. Determining Information From a Pedigree
1.) Autosomal or sex-linked?
Autosomal: the gene will appear in both
sexes equally
- Autosomes are all the other chromosomes other than the X or Y sex chromosome

44. Epidermodysplasia verruciformis (EV)

45. Determining Information From a Pedigree
2. ) Dominant or Recessive
Autosomal Dominant: EVERY individual with the condition will have a parent with that condition
hypercholesterolemia

46. If the condition is recessive:
-- an individual that expresses the condition can have one, two or neither parent express the condition

47. Erythropoietic porphyria (Günther disease)

48. Determining Information From a Pedigree
3.) Homozygous or Heterozygous
- if individuals with autosomal traits are homozygous dominant or heterozygous,
- their phenotype will show the dominant allele
Polydactyly (extra fingers or toes): PP or Pp = extra digits, aa = 5 digits. 98% of all people in the world are homozygous recessive (pp).

49. Individual is homozygous recessive,
their phenotype will show the recessive allele

50. Two people who are heterozygous carriers of a recessive mutation
Will not show the mutation, but can produce
children who are homozygous for the recessive allele

51. Characters Influenced by Environment
An individual’s phenotype often depends on the condition of the environment
Identical twins are used in these types of studies

53. Human Genetic
Disorders

54. Sickle Cell Anemia - Recessive Genetic Disorder
Cause: Mutated allele that produces a defective form of the protein hemoglobin
1 in 500 African Americans have sickle cell anemia

55. Heterozygous Superiority
- Individuals that are heterozygous for sickle cell have what is considered “heterozygous superiority”
The recessive allele that causes the sickle cell shape protects the individual from malaria
* Also do not have sickle cell anemia because they are heterozygous*

56. Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
- Airways of the lungs become clogged with thick mucus, and the ducts of the liver and pancreas become blocked
- Most common, fatal, hereditary recessive disorders among Caucasians ( 1 in 25 have at least one copy of the defective gene )

57. - Caused by a mutated protein that does not allow chloride to be moved into or out of cells
- Then…causes mucus to dehydrate and become thick and sticky in the lungs

58. Hemophilia - Sex- linked Trait
- Recessive genetic disorder that impairs the blood’s ability to clot
- Sex- linked Trait

59. Huntington’s Disease (HD)
- Caused by a dominant allele located on an autosome
- Symptoms: Mild forgetfulness and irritability appear in people in their thirties and forties

60. - HD causes loss of muscle control, uncontrollable physical spasms, severe mental illness, and eventually death
Brain wastes away…