1. [ Course Name] © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ [Name of Course Guide] [Resource Reference (e.g., Student Resource 1.1)]

2. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology Research & Development W HO ? W HY ? H OW ? W HAT ?

3. Menu W HAT IS R ESEARCH & D EVELOPMENT ? Inventions and innovations are the results of specific, goal-oriented research.  Because the development of technologies these days is driven by the profit motive and the market, many companies have a Research and Development (R&D) department, whose responsibility is to work with innovations.  Companies located in the United States that have research and development activities—both U.S.-owned businesses and U.S. affiliates of foreign parents— reported worldwide sales of $11 trillion in calendar year 2008 and worldwide R&D expenses of $330 billion Companies located in the United States that have research and development activities—both U.S.- owned businesses and U.S. affiliates of foreign parents—reported worldwide sales of $11 trillion in calendar year 2008 and worldwide R&D expenses of $330 billion. © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

4. Menu W HO DOES R ESEARCH & D EVELOPMENT ? Each entity has its own process Private Companies Public Companies Government Universities R& D Teams Engineers Product Designers Researchers Scientists Creative and technical knowledge © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

5. Menu W HY DO COMPANIES DO R ESEARCH & D EVELOPMENT ? Companies use R&D to increase profit margins. Completely new product Improve on a current or previous product © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

6. Menu H OW DO COMPANIES DO R ESEARCH & D EVELOPMENT ? Each entity has its own process Technology/Product need is identified market research research on manufacturing brainstorm Prototype testing and development Optimization Product documentation developed Manufacturing and Marketing considerations Full-scale production Release product © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

7. Menu Qualitative vs. Quantitative

8. Menu Invention of the Car Car Accidents Began Unanticipated Effect

9. Menu Technology Trade Offs Automobiles- Get us many places that we never could get before, but the emissions are polluting the air we breathe.

10. Menu Technological Evolution Modifying a product as knowledge and skills increase to adapt it to the next generation.

11. Menu Patent is a limited duration property right relating to an invention, granted by the United States Patent and Trademark Office in exchange for public disclosure of the invention. Trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination of words, phrases, symbols or designs. Copyright protects works of authorship, such as writings, music, and works of art.

12. References Text Needed © 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association STEM  Center for Teaching and Learning™ [Name of Course Guide]