1. The Garland Handbook Of Latin American Music Part Three: Nations and Musical Traditions, South America, Peru

2. Overview  Cultural heritage Several pre-Colombian Amerindian ethnolinguistic groups Several pre-Colombian Amerindian ethnolinguistic groups Either gone or subdued by Inca by time of EncounterEither gone or subdued by Inca by time of Encounter Left extensive archeological evidence of musical traditions (mainly panpipes)Left extensive archeological evidence of musical traditions (mainly panpipes) Musical traditions of Inca and surviving groups among those most documented by Spanish chroniclers, missionaries, etc.Musical traditions of Inca and surviving groups among those most documented by Spanish chroniclers, missionaries, etc. European European Musical genres, dances, instruments, religious beliefs, poetry, and other cultural forms contributed to development of contemporary Peruvian mestizo music (as elsewhere in Lat/Am)Musical genres, dances, instruments, religious beliefs, poetry, and other cultural forms contributed to development of contemporary Peruvian mestizo music (as elsewhere in Lat/Am) African African Musical traditions of African slaves adapted and developed in relation to European traditionsMusical traditions of African slaves adapted and developed in relation to European traditions Almost completely absorbed or forgotten Almost completely absorbed or forgotten Currently experiencing revival Currently experiencing revival

3. Contemporary Peruvian Music  Musical Instruments Instrument distribution and ensemble types vary with region Instrument distribution and ensemble types vary with region Three main regions Three main regions AndeanAndean Mixture of pre-Hispanic and European derived instruments Mixture of pre-Hispanic and European derived instruments Skin drums (i.e., the tinya, wankara, and bombo)Skin drums (i.e., the tinya, wankara, and bombo) Flutes, panpipes, and trumpets (i.e., quena, pincullo, sikuri, antara, wak’rapuku, and clarín)Flutes, panpipes, and trumpets (i.e., quena, pincullo, sikuri, antara, wak’rapuku, and clarín) Various European derived strings (i.e., the guitar, mandolin like instruments, the harp, violin, and the charango)Various European derived strings (i.e., the guitar, mandolin like instruments, the harp, violin, and the charango) CoastalCoastal Mainly European and African derived instruments Mainly European and African derived instruments i.e., the guitar, the cajón (wooden box idiophone), and quijada (mule jawbone)i.e., the guitar, the cajón (wooden box idiophone), and quijada (mule jawbone) AmazonianAmazonian Both Pre-Hispanic and European derived instruments Both Pre-Hispanic and European derived instruments i.e., wooden slit drums, musical bows, and European derived violins and zithersi.e., wooden slit drums, musical bows, and European derived violins and zithers

4. Contemporary Peruvian Music  Musical genres and contexts Andean region Andean region Genres and instruments often associated with specific ritual contextsGenres and instruments often associated with specific ritual contexts i.e., Fertility, agricultural, life-cycle, and religious rituals i.e., Fertility, agricultural, life-cycle, and religious rituals Music and dance integral parts of Andean fiestasMusic and dance integral parts of Andean fiestas Dance-dramas Dance-dramas Some genres now dissociated from original contextSome genres now dissociated from original context due to regional and national dissemination (fiestas and recording industry) due to regional and national dissemination (fiestas and recording industry) i.e., the huayno, and yaravii.e., the huayno, and yaravi Musical competition pervasive (also throughout Lat/Am)Musical competition pervasive (also throughout Lat/Am)

5. Contemporary Peruvian Music  Musical genres and contexts Coastal region Coastal region Música criollaMúsica criolla Refers to music of European derivation Refers to music of European derivation i.e., the vals, polka, the marinera (or zamacueca), tonderoi.e., the vals, polka, the marinera (or zamacueca), tondero Context limited to Lima and surrounding area Context limited to Lima and surrounding area Amazon region Amazon region Mainly vocal traditionsMainly vocal traditions Genres also linked to ritual contextsGenres also linked to ritual contexts i.e., healing, religious, and life-cycle rituals i.e., healing, religious, and life-cycle rituals

6. Music, Dissemination, and Acculturation  Migration and Mass Media As in other parts of Latin America, urban migration and the mass media continue to inform local traditional and commercial popular music As in other parts of Latin America, urban migration and the mass media continue to inform local traditional and commercial popular music Consider the following questions: Consider the following questions: How has urban migration influenced traditional rural styles in Peru?How has urban migration influenced traditional rural styles in Peru? How have these recent changes impacted perceptions of tradition?How have these recent changes impacted perceptions of tradition? How might the above questions help us to understand the nature of tradition and the concept of “authenticity”? In other words, consider the meaning of authenticity.How might the above questions help us to understand the nature of tradition and the concept of “authenticity”? In other words, consider the meaning of authenticity. How has mass media shaped the development of Peruvian national commercial popular music?How has mass media shaped the development of Peruvian national commercial popular music? How are the above processes reflected in other Latin American nations and musical traditions (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia)?How are the above processes reflected in other Latin American nations and musical traditions (i.e., Argentina, Brazil, and Bolivia)?