1. This British writer who championed the cause of the Irish made a “modest” suggestion. Jonathan Swift

2. This age was named for and characterized by its emphasis on the power of rational thought. The Age of … Reason

3. The Age of Reason was classified and characterized by this kind of literary technique. Satire

4. This French writer was a brilliant satirist who was exiled for his politics and philosophy. Voltaire

5. This philosophy gave the monarch supreme power and authority over all of its subjects Absolutism

6. This book by Denis Diderot was the landmark of rational thought during this era. The French Encyclopedie

7. This German mathematician and philosopher argued that God is a rational being and that the universe he created is a rational one. One of the fathers of “optimism”. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz *Make sure you know this! Candide relates to his philosophies.

8. Thomas Jefferson was one who believed in this philosophy that God created a rational universe and let it run on its own. Deism

9. What role did satire play in the Age of Enlightenment? A big question…. But consider how satire helps to illuminate the incongruities between ideological aspirations and political and religious realities. Think about how satire today functions as satire functioned then.

10. This style of architecture and design was popular. It was modeled after the styles of ancient Greece and Rome Neoclassical

11. This German philosopher said that that age may value reason and enlightenment, it was not reasonable or enlightened. Immanuel Kant

12. This king of Prussia considered himself “Enlightened” and used his power to institute liberal reforms. He was influenced by Voltaire. Frederick King of Prussia

13. The ______ _______ of Kings was a political and religious doctrine that embodied the ideas of absolutism, the notion that a monarch had absolute authority on Earth derived directly from the will of God. The Divine Right of Kings

14. This French ruler was very a powerful monarch known for his “fashionable” and formal court. He called himself the “Sun King” He believed in the “Divine Right of Kings”. Louis XIV

15. What is tyranny? What is despotism? Tyranny = oppressive power Despotism = rule by absolute often tyrannical power

16. This French ruler instituted only piecemeal reforms out of necessity, but his meager efforts opened a gate to revolution. Nicknamed “Louis le Dernier” as he was the last Louis and was beheaded. King Louis XVI of France

17. This Russian queen was influenced by both Voltaire and Montesquieu to institute legal reforms early in her reign. Catherine of Russia (both Catherine I and Catherine II were said to have been influenced by the Enlightenment though their reforms were limited.)

18. This Roman Catholic persecution of the Moors and Jews happened during the Age of Enlightenment. The Spanish Inquisition

19. The Protestants often fought against this religious group in England and in Ireland. Catholics

20. These two institutions were under constant attack by writers and philosophers of this era. The Catholic Church and the government

21. These two religious groups fought heavily during the Thirty Years War. Protestants and Catholics

22. Since this writer attacked the Catholic Church so often, he was not allowed to be buried in any French church. Voltaire

23. This philosopher, similar to Locke held the belief that man is naturally good and innocent and becomes corrupted by his environment. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

24. This influential British philosopher claimed that all men had natural rights. John Locke

25. This scientist defended Christianity arguing that not all things are best explained through science. Blaise Pascal

26. This monarch advocated limiting the power of monarchies in Europe. Baron de Montesquieu

27. This French dramatist wrote several plays. Moliere

28. Known for his work in chemistry and physics, considered by some as the father of modern science Robert Boyle

29. An important pioneer in the study of the human body, particularly the the circulation of the human body Sir William Harvey

30. Scientist who made important strides in the classification of plants and the study of botany Linnaeus

31. This philosopher advanced the idea that “the only certain truth in any field was through the deductive method used in mathematics”. Descartes

32. This scientist described the universe as a mathematical machine, orderly, logical, and governed by absolute laws (such as gravity). Sir Isaac Newton

33. This philosopher applied the ideas of science to the realm of morality writing “A Treatise of Human Nature- an Attempt to Introduce the Experimental Method of Reasoning into Moral Subjects”. David Hume

34. How did mathematics and science “provide answers” in the realm of philosophy? Discoveries in math and science were used to support changes in views on religion and God. They also helped to advance the idea of liberty and the advancement of rights for the individual.

35. Much of Europe was dominated by strong __________. Many rulers gave themselves the title of _________ ____________ symbolizing the prominent philosophy of ___________ Monarchies “The Great” absolutism

36. The ______ classes gained strength and rose to overturn monarchies as in the ______ ______ ______ 0f 1642. Lower English Civil War

37. When Voltaire was expelled from France he spent time living in England. How might his time in England have inspired his writing? He was increasingly exposed to the philosophies of men like John Locke and he was inspired by writers like Alexander Pope and Jonathan Swift.

38. The rational, science-oriented philosophy led to skepticism about … Authority- centralized power Traditional religious ideology The “reasonableness” of Christianity

39. This fundamentalist sect refused to pay taxes or serve in the military. Anabaptists

40. This social class of people were the largest of any class, yet they were constantly ignored by Monarchs. Peasants or lower class

41. These two Revolutions were fueled by Locke’s philosophy that all citizens have natural rights which their rulers must protect & observe. French and American

42. This German mathematician was very optimistic, claiming “everything has a useful purpose in the world.” Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz (Just a reminder… He is important here.)

43. This French literature flourished in this particular genre during the Age of Enlightenment. Drama