1. Iridium and Radio Astronomy R. J. Cohen R. J. Cohen Jodrell Bank Observatory University of Manchester Jodrell Bank Observatory University of Manchester 13th June 2002 13th June 2002

2. Potted History of Iridium in Europe 1991 August visit by Iridium to Jodrell Bank: downlink problem; beacon; go see CRAF 1991 October presentation to WP7D in Geneva: beacon; filters; -238 acheivable by high-tech? 1992 WARC-92 allocates Iridium downlink (secondary) 1994 June, Iridium-NRAO MOU signed; blanker 1995-7 Strong attempts to force an Iridium-UK MOU based on NRAO agreement; mitigation? factors; 1995-7 European discussions in SE28 (CEPT) but no technical solution; discussion with CRAF (& EC) 1998 July ESF-Iridium MOU signed (political) Potted History of Iridium in Europe 1991 August visit by Iridium to Jodrell Bank: downlink problem; beacon; go see CRAF 1991 October presentation to WP7D in Geneva: beacon; filters; -238 acheivable by high-tech? 1992 WARC-92 allocates Iridium downlink (secondary) 1994 June, Iridium-NRAO MOU signed; blanker 1995-7 Strong attempts to force an Iridium-UK MOU based on NRAO agreement; mitigation? factors; 1995-7 European discussions in SE28 (CEPT) but no technical solution; discussion with CRAF (& EC) 1998 July ESF-Iridium MOU signed (political)

3. Technical Discussions in SE28 Protection of GLONASS Protection of Inmarsat above 1626.5 MHz CDMA vs. TDMA for Geostar, Iridium, etc. MSS downlink and RAS: the “killer problem” RAS beacon (one is already one too many) MES coordination zones around observatories (Monte Carlo approach: now ITU-R Rec.M.1316) MES in aircraft 10% criterion for propagation is not 10% data loss for the RAS (now ITU-R Rec.RA.1513)

4. European Issues for RAS Large European radio telescopes use 1612-MHz band heavily (30% of time at Nancay) Nancay transit instrument: long-term monitoring programmes cannot survive 4-hr downtime daily Unique imaging: MERLIN & EVN resolve OH shells Regional agreement essential since 1612-MHz band is used in many small countries (< Iridium beam) United we stand; divided … RAS had recently survived Locstar GLONASS “clean-up”, band partly ~usable again European Issues for RAS Large European radio telescopes use 1612-MHz band heavily (30% of time at Nancay) Nancay transit instrument: long-term monitoring programmes cannot survive 4-hr downtime daily Unique imaging: MERLIN & EVN resolve OH shells Regional agreement essential since 1612-MHz band is used in many small countries (< Iridium beam) United we stand; divided … RAS had recently survived Locstar GLONASS “clean-up”, band partly ~usable again

6. OH-IR Sources: an endangered species Short-lived phase in late stellar evolution, only visible in IR and at 1612 MHz (OH maser transition). Evolutionary sequency of mass-loss. IRAS catalogue contains ~10 4 candidates. Radio gives V *,V exp, shell-size, mass-loss, distance: OH maser shells: maps give angular diameter. Monitoring gives phase-lag = diameter. Hence get distance, scale size of Galaxy. Orbital velocities give mass of GC black hole. Polarization gives circumstellar magnetic field.

7. OH Maser pumped by IR from variable star

8. Phase-lag between two OH peaks (near and far sides of shell)

9. OH 1612-MHz polarization traces magnetic field

10. Other European Science at 1612 MHz OH 1612 MHz maser in star-forming regions OH 1612 MHz thermal emission from dust clouds OH 1612 MHz absorption from molecular clouds Observations of 4 OH lines at 1.6 GHz give physical conditions Red-shifted OH megamasers Weak OH masers in comets MERLIN continuum observations for multi-frequency synthesis (not “sanctioned” by Iridium, since band is mainly for spectral line observations) Pulsar observations (can be done in another band)

11. Mitigation Factors for RAS? Radio telescope sidelobe level –10dBi Detector sensitivity (1-bit sampler at Jodrell) Elevation angle: receiver noise, satellite visibility etc. Baseline subtraction: leaves only differential power and may add noise through reference spectrum Polarization discrimination RAS need is not full time (Astronomers can wait) Blanker will deal with RFI at peak traffic times (% loss) Radio astronomers should try harder to subtract RFI Mitigation Factors for RAS? Radio telescope sidelobe level –10dBi Detector sensitivity (1-bit sampler at Jodrell) Elevation angle: receiver noise, satellite visibility etc. Baseline subtraction: leaves only differential power and may add noise through reference spectrum Polarization discrimination RAS need is not full time (Astronomers can wait) Blanker will deal with RFI at peak traffic times (% loss) Radio astronomers should try harder to subtract RFI

12. Lovell Telescope 250 ft fully steerable Prime focus 150MHz – 5 GHz Upgrade in progress

13. Adaptive Interference Cancelling R. Fisher VU A Conceptual View of Adaptive Interference Cancelling Adaptive Cancellation Barnbaum & Bradley 1998 AJ, 115, 2598

14. Unforeseen Developments Spikes in broadcast signal (not simulated or mentioned before tests) Operation of 1616-1626.5 MHz over Europe, with no notice or permission GSM growth, especially in Europe Technical hitches (poor building penetration, heavy terminals, etc.) Bankruptcy Unforeseen Developments Spikes in broadcast signal (not simulated or mentioned before tests) Operation of 1616-1626.5 MHz over Europe, with no notice or permission GSM growth, especially in Europe Technical hitches (poor building penetration, heavy terminals, etc.) Bankruptcy

15. Global Interference from the sky IRIDIUM satellite: measured 1998 ITU frequency allocation to Radio Astronomy Signal levels of brightest* celestial radio sources These peaks also change frequency as the satellite moves across the sky * Signals from early Universe are 100 billion times weaker MHz ITU permitted average level Signal strength www.atnf.csiro.au/ska/intmit

16. GLONASS united astronomers; Iridium divided them. Non-disclosure agreements = gagging. Regulatory arguments did not help, nor did technical arguments: Iridium was always going to fly. The publicity did us no harm. In practice the MOUs have been of limited use to us. Iridium were shameless: what right had they to tell RAS when and what they can observe? Where was IUCAF? Iridium sidestepped IUCAF. Iridium learned a lot about us: beware next time. GLONASS united astronomers; Iridium divided them. Non-disclosure agreements = gagging. Regulatory arguments did not help, nor did technical arguments: Iridium was always going to fly. The publicity did us no harm. In practice the MOUs have been of limited use to us. Iridium were shameless: what right had they to tell RAS when and what they can observe? Where was IUCAF? Iridium sidestepped IUCAF. Iridium learned a lot about us: beware next time. Personal Observations