1. Bellwork Complete the table below… River Erosion Processes
River Erosion Landforms
River Transportation Process
River Deposition Landforms

2. Rivers Question Revision
Learning Objectives:
To develop a deeper understanding of the mark scheme for short answer questions
To practice statistical methods
Understand the difference between different command words in 15 mark questions

3. Q1

4. Q2

5. Q3

6. Marking Georgia and Reuben [yellow] Jake and Adam [green]
Ben and Emma [green]
Hannah and Amy [blue]
Chloe E and Oliver [yellow]
Jess and Lauren [green]
Tom and Chloe H [yellow]
Matthew and Bronte [green]
Chris and Olivia [blue]

7. Improvements…

8. Flooding in Manila Cumbria Floods Hard Engineering Soft Engineering
Bellwork
Brainstorm a list of facts for each of your rivers case studies…
Flooding in Manila
Cumbria Floods
Hard Engineering
Soft Engineering

9. Rivers Question Revision
Learning Objectives:
To develop a deeper understanding of the mark scheme for short answer questions
To practice statistical methods
Understand the difference between different command words in 15 mark questions

10. Quick Check Questions
What is the name of the area found at the bottom of the waterfall?
Why is the larger bedload found close to the river channel where levees are found?
In the upper course of the river what process is most common?
If there isn’t much deposition in the upper course of the river, how do rapids form?
Why don’t deltas form the UK?

11. Statistical Methods Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
Standard Deviation
What’s the correlation between 2 data sets?
How much does my data deviate from the mean?

12. Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient
The closer to +1 or -1 your answer is, the more correlation there is
You’ll be given a table like this to test the significance of your answer. If it’s 95% significant, it will be above the 0.05 level of significance. If it’s 99% significant, it will be above the 0.01 level of significance.
Assess the statistical significance of 0.453
Assess the statistical significance of 0.871
Assess the statistical significance of 0.723

13. 15 Mark Questions Intro Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Conclusion
Below are the responses to 3 different 15 Mark Questions on Flooding.
Colour in the intro, 1st paragraph, 2nd paragraph, 3rd paragraph and conclusion of each level 3 answer so you can see which section belongs with each essay
Select which question title is answered in each essay
Which one is left unanswered?
Write your own version of it, using the same structure as the answers below
Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river flooding
Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two contrasting areas of the world
“The effects of flooding are worse in LEDCs than MEDCs” Assess this view
Physical factors are more important than human factors in affecting river discharge. Discuss this view.
Intro
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Conclusion
Essay 1 Title…………………………………………………………………………
Certain human activities can have a great impact on river flooding which can also be linked to physical causes of flooding
The Philippines has a GDP per capita of just $2700, making it an LEDC. As a result of this, they had little funds to prepare and plan for the flooding in 2009 cuased by Typhoon Ondoy. Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million. Whilst this number seems high, it is important to remember that this is a world city, made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a storm event in rural England (which has a GDP per capita of $39,000) in Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts taken alone indicate that the economic impact of flooding ins far worse in MEDCs.
Drainage systems also don’t help as a human cause. Water is carried straight to the river via drains instead of gradually getting there via groundwater flow. An example of this was found in Keswick in November 2009, where a heavy rains caused flooding with river discharge of 265 cumecs. It took just 3 hours from the storm event for the River Greta to overflow into the hospital field, posing a threat to health. Also human causes include deforestation , often attributed to urbanisation,– by cutting down trees, vegetation storage and interception is prevented meaning water reaches the river more quickly. This human cause can be linked to a physical cause. If a river channel is near to an area of naturally sparse vegetation the same effect occurs.
In Keswick, the flooding also affected homes and the environment. This was of particular importance as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for income. 500 people were made homeless in total, far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of people were insured and therefore, despite the fact that the damage caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on collapsed.
Overall the importance varies in that human causes can be minimised or prevented so physical causes seem to be the main problem.
Essay 2 Title…………………………………………………………………………
LEDCs suffer in a different way from flooding than MEDCs. Often the damage is less of an economic cost, but more socio-environmental.
In built up urbanised areas there are often rivers close by. The build up of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements means that when precipitation occurs infiltration is not possible and rain water flows straight to the river channel as surface runoff, increasing lag time and river discharge – effectively causing a river to flood.
With regards to the social effects of flooding, in Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This meant that they were more susceptible to damage from the flood event. In total, around 12,000 homes were completely destroyed. This figure doesn’t take into consideration the damage caused by the flooding to other houses, including where rain/river water was contaminated by sewage. The floods also killed 241 people. Considering the fact that the Philippines is affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a lack of planning and preparation which could be attributed to low economic development and therefore a lack of funding.
In Keswick, the flooding also had a social impact, however this appeared to have been more managed. The flooding affected homes and the environment which was of particular importance as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for income. 500 people were made homeless in total, far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of people were insured and therefore, despite the fact that the damage caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on collapsed.
In conclusion, it does indeed appear that MEDCs suffer more in terms of economic cost of flooding, where LEDCs will instead suffer from a higher death toll
Essay 3 Title…………………………………………………………………………
The Philippines and the UK are vastly different countries in terms of economic development, therefore it is understandable that the economic and social effects differ.
Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million. Whilst this number seems high, it is important to remember that this is a world city, made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a storm event in rural England in Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts taken alone indicate that flooding is worse in MEDCs, therefore it is also important to assess the socio-environmental damage.
In Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This meant that they were more susceptible to damage from the flood event. In total, around 12,000 homes were completely destroyed. This figure doesn’t take into consideration the damage caused by the flooding to other houses, including where rain/river water was contaminated by sewage. The floods also killed 241 people. Considering the fact that the Philippines is affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a lack of planning and preparation which could be attributed to low economic development and therefore a lack of funding.
Landscape is also a major physical cause. Low lying flat lands like the islands in the Philippines, created by volcanoes for example, suffer badly from lack of drainage. Being towards the end of the stream order hierarchy also added to the flooding in Manila in 2009.
Typhoon season is also a major flood cause here as in typhoon season much rain falls on these unsuitable drainage basins. The flooding in Luzon in September 2009 affected 872,097 people in metro Manila, a highly urbanised mega city. This flood was caused by heavy rains during Typhoon Ondoy.
To conclude, it would appear that in LEDC countries, the damage caused by flooding is more of a social problem, whereas in MEDCs, where infrastructure and housing is more expensive, the majority of the effects are economic.

15. 15 Mark Questions Intro Paragraph 1 Paragraph 2 Paragraph 3 Conclusion
Below are the responses to 3 different 15 Mark Questions on Flooding.
Colour in the intro, 1st paragraph, 2nd paragraph, 3rd paragraph and conclusion of each level 3 answer so you can see which section belongs with each essay
Select which question title is answered in each essay
Which one is left unanswered?
Write your own version of it, using the same structure as the answers below
Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river flooding
Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two contrasting areas of the world
“The effects of flooding are worse in LEDCs than MEDCs” Assess this view
Physical factors are more important than human factors in affecting river discharge. Discuss this view.
Intro
Paragraph 1
Paragraph 2
Paragraph 3
Conclusion
Essay 1 Title…A……Assess the relative importance of physical and human causes of river flooding
Certain human activities can have a great impact on river flooding which can also be linked to physical causes of flooding
The Philippines has a GDP per capita of just $2700, making it an LEDC. As a result of this, they had little funds to prepare and plan for the flooding in 2009 cuased by Typhoon Ondoy. Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million. Whilst this number seems high, it is important to remember that this is a world city, made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a storm event in rural England (which has a GDP per capita of $39,000) in Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts taken alone indicate that the economic impact of flooding ins far worse in MEDCs.
Drainage systems also don’t help as a human cause. Water is carried straight to the river via drains instead of gradually getting there via groundwater flow. An example of this was found in Keswick in November 2009, where a heavy rains caused flooding with river discharge of 265 cumecs. It took just 3 hours from the storm event for the River Greta to overflow into the hospital field, posing a threat to health. Also human causes include deforestation , often attributed to urbanisation,– by cutting down trees, vegetation storage and interception is prevented meaning water reaches the river more quickly. This human cause can be linked to a physical cause. If a river channel is near to an area of naturally sparse vegetation the same effect occurs.
In Keswick, the flooding also affected homes and the environment. This was of particular importance as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for income. 500 people were made homeless in total, far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of people were insured and therefore, despite the fact that the damage caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on collapsed.
Overall the importance varies in that human causes can be minimised or prevented so physical causes seem to be the main problem.
Essay 2 Title…C……..“The effects of flooding are worse in LEDCs than MEDCs” Assess this view
LEDCs suffer in a different way from flooding than MEDCs. Often the damage is less of an economic cost, but more socio-environmental.
In built up urbanised areas there are often rivers close by. The build up of impermeable surfaces like concrete pavements means that when precipitation occurs infiltration is not possible and rain water flows straight to the river channel as surface runoff, increasing lag time and river discharge – effectively causing a river to flood.
With regards to the social effects of flooding, in Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This meant that they were more susceptible to damage from the flood event. In total, around 12,000 homes were completely destroyed. This figure doesn’t take into consideration the damage caused by the flooding to other houses, including where rain/river water was contaminated by sewage. The floods also killed 241 people. Considering the fact that the Philippines is affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a lack of planning and preparation which could be attributed to low economic development and therefore a lack of funding.
In Keswick, the flooding also had a social impact, however this appeared to have been more managed. The flooding affected homes and the environment which was of particular importance as it is situated in the National Park of the Lake District and therefore relies heavily on tourism for income. 500 people were made homeless in total, far less than the figure in the Philippines. Due to more income, the majority of people were insured and therefore, despite the fact that the damage caused disruption, for the vast majority, it didn’t leave them in poverty. The only death in the Cumbria floods was that of a policeman who was trying to aid the evacuation of others from Cockermouth when the bridge he was standing on collapsed.
In conclusion, it does indeed appear that MEDCs suffer more in terms of economic cost of flooding, where LEDCs will instead suffer from a higher death toll
Essay 3 Title……B
Compare and comment on the economic and social effects of flooding in two contrasting areas of the world
The Philippines and the UK are vastly different countries in terms of economic development, therefore it is understandable that the economic and social effects differ.
Flooding in the capital city of the Philippines, Manila in 2009 caused infrastructural damage of 570,187,587 Philippine pesos, approximately £8.5 million. Whilst this number seems high, it is important to remember that this is a world city, made up of 12 million inhabitants, therefore the damage equates to less than £1 per person. By way of contrast, a storm event in rural England in Cumbria had a cost of £275 million. These facts taken alone indicate that flooding is worse in MEDCs, therefore it is also important to assess the socio-environmental damage.
In Manila, a large % of the houses are slums. This meant that they were more susceptible to damage from the flood event. In total, around 12,000 homes were completely destroyed. This figure doesn’t take into consideration the damage caused by the flooding to other houses, including where rain/river water was contaminated by sewage. The floods also killed 241 people. Considering the fact that the Philippines is affected by typhoons every year, this indicates a lack of planning and preparation which could be attributed to low economic development and therefore a lack of funding.
Landscape is also a major physical cause. Low lying flat lands like the islands in the Philippines, created by volcanoes for example, suffer badly from lack of drainage. Being towards the end of the stream order hierarchy also added to the flooding in Manila in 2009.
Typhoon season is also a major flood cause here as in typhoon season much rain falls on these unsuitable drainage basins. The flooding in Luzon in September 2009 affected 872,097 people in metro Manila, a highly urbanised mega city. This flood was caused by heavy rains during Typhoon Ondoy.
To conclude, it would appear that in LEDC countries, the damage caused by flooding is more of a social problem, whereas in MEDCs, where infrastructure and housing is more expensive, the majority of the effects are economic.