1. Structure and function are related!
Big theme in biology:
Structure and function are related!
This is true at all levels of organization: at the levels of molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and organisms. 1

2. Note log scale. 2

3. Types of Cells Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes Bacteria Animals
Archaea Plants
Fungi
Protists
2. Categories based on differentiation 3

4. Contrasting the size and complexity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cell
Nucleoid region
Nucleus
Eukaryotic cell
Organelles
TEM 15,000
Colorized TEM 15,000
Fig 4.3A 4

5. Comparing sizes of eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
Fig 24.1A. Engulfment of bacteria by macrophage 5

6. 6

7. 7

8. Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Nucleus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Flagellum
Not in most plant cells
Lysosome
Centriole
Ribosomes
Golgi apparatus
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Plasma membrane
Intermediate filament
Cytoskeleton
Mitochondrion
Microfilament
A “typical” animal cell
Figure 4.4A 8

9. 9

10. Organelle (part) Function (job)
Cell Organelles in Cytoplasm
Organelle (part)
Function (job)
Mitochondria
“powerhouse” converts food energy in to usable energy (ATP) ER
Carries proteins throughout the cell.
Ribosomes
Makes proteins
Golgi Bodies
Receives, packages & sends materials.
Chloroplasts
(plant only)
Captures light energy to make food energy
Vacuoles
storage
Lysosomes
Chemicals for breakdown.

11. 11

12. Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center.
Chromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
Ribosomes
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Two membranes of nuclear envelope
Fig 4.5. The nucleus: the cell’s genetic control center. 12

13. Smooth ER
Rough ER
Nuclear envelope
Ribosomes
TEM 45,000
Figure 4.7
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Smooth ER has a variety of functions, eg making lipids. Rough ER makes membranes and proteins. 13

14. Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food.14

15. 15

16. Organization of a “typical” plant cell
Central vacuole
Not in animal cells
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Golgi apparatus
Nucleus
Microtubule
Cytoskeleton
Intermediate filament
Microfilament
Ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Figure 4.4B 16

17. Chloroplasts convert solar energy
to chemical energy.
TEM 9,750
Chloroplast
Stroma
Intermembrane space
Inner and outer membranes
Granum
Fig 4.14 17

18. Human Cells: Organelles & Subcellular Structures
Genetic headquarters: Nucleus
Manufacturing:
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi.
Breakdown of materials (digestion):
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Energy Processing: Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:
Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions 18 18

19. Cellular and sub-cellular levels
Cell membrane has surface area of 1/30 the surface area of period on typical page.
Nucleus has a surface area of 1/10 of cell membrane. 19

20. Organelles and Subcellular Structures
Manufacturing
Nucleus, Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Golgi Apparatus. (Connected through endomembrane system.)
Breakdown:
Lysosomes, Peroxisomes, Vacuoles
Energy Processing:
Chloroplasts, Mitochondria
Support, Movement, and Communication:
Cytoskeleton, Cell Walls, Extracellular matrix, Cell junctions 20