1. Air Pollution

2. Air Pollution: Has many effects on public health and the environment. Comes in different forms and from many sources. Ozone and Particulate matter are two types of Air Pollution that affect Kansas.

4. Primary Air Pollutants Carbon Monoxide CO from gas burning vehicles Nitrogen Oxides Nox from power plants and cars Sulfur Dioxide S02 from burning fossil fuels Volatile Organic Compounds VOC from burning fuels, vehicles are major source Particulate Matter PM from construction, agriculture, forest, fires

5. Man Made Sources of NOx

6. What is Ozone? An odorless, colorless gas composed of three oxygen atoms. Ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from the sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays. At ground-level in the air we breathe, ozone (smog) poses serious risks to human health.

7. There is a “hole’ in our Good Ozone

9. Ozone is created by a chemical reaction: Where Does Ozone Come From? O3O3 + = VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight = Ozone VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) and NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) come from motor vehicles, power plants, industrial facilities, and other sources.

12. Why is Ozone Bad to Breathe? The average adult breathes enough air to fill over 3,000 balloons each day. Children breathe even more! Ozone can irritate lungs and airways, and cause inflammation much like a sunburn on your lungs. Ozone can aggravate respiratory illnesses like asthma. 10 to 20% of summertime respiratory-related hospital visits in the Northeast are associated with ozone pollution. Children and people with chronic lung diseases are particularly at risk.

13. Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone Coughing Nose and throat irritation Chest pain Reduced lung function Increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses Aggravation of asthma

14. AQI: Air Quality Index Indicates whether pollutant levels in air may cause health concerns. Ranges from 0 (least concern) to 500 (greatest concern)

15. Air Quality Index (AQI) Values Levels of Health Concern 151 to 200 201 to 300 301 to 500 Unhealthy Very Unhealthy Hazardous 0 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 150 Good Moderate Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups The Air Quality Index http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tnR7byHOOLA

16. Increase in Code “Orange”

17. What Makes a Bad Ozone Day in Kansas?

18. Smog Alert Notification Areas Interior CT Southeastern MA Coastal CT Rhode Island Western MA Southern NH Coastal ME Central & Northeastern MA Notifies you by e ‑ mail or fax when ozone levels are predicted to be unhealthy in your area. Is available in most areas in New England. Is a free service. To receive Smog Alerts, register at (www.epa.gov/region01/oms) Or contact Maine DEP’s Ozone Hotline at 1-800-223-1196 or www.state.me.us/dep/air/ozone/ozon e.htm Smog Alert Service

19. Carbon Monoxide colorless, odorless produced when carbon does not burn in fossil fuels present in car exhaust deprives body of O2 causing headaches, fatigue, and impaired vision

20. Sulfur Dioxide produced when coal and fuel oil are burned present in power plant exhaust narrows the airway, causing wheezing and shortness of breath, especially in those with asthma

21. Nitrogen Dioxide reddish, brown gas produced when nitric oxide combines with oxygen in the atmosphere present in car exhaust and power plants affects lungs and causes wheezing; increases chance of respiratory infection

22. Lead Lead (Pb) is a metal found naturally in the environment as well as in manufactured products. The major sources of lead emissions have historically been from fuels in on-road motor vehicles (such as cars and trucks) and industrial sources. As a result of EPA's regulatory efforts to remove lead from on-road motor vehicle gasoline, emissions of lead from the transportation sector dramatically declined by 95 percent between 1980 and 1999, and levels of lead in the air decreased by 94 percent between 1980 and 1999. Today, the highest levels of lead in air are usually found near lead smelters. The major sources of lead emissions to the air today are ore and metals processing and piston-engine aircraft operating on leaded aviation gasoline.

23. What is Particulate Matter? particles of different substances suspended in the air in the form of solid particles and liquid droplets particles vary widely in size

24. Fine particles come from a variety of sources: diesel trucks and buses construction equipment power plants woodstoves wildfires Where does Pm come from? Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere can transform gases into fine particles.

25. Fine particles are only a fraction of the size of a human hair. How Fine is Fine? Fine Particles (2.5  m) Cross section of a human hair (magnified to 60  m) Coarse Particles (10  m)

26. Why are Fine Particles Bad to Breathe? Scientific studies have linked fine particles with a series of significant health problems. Fine particles easily reach the deepest parts of the lungs. Particulate matter causes 15,000 premature deaths every year in the US. Fine particles from Diesel exhaust can cause lung cancer.

27. Health Effects of Exposure to Fine Particles Premature death Aggravated asthma Respiratory-related emergency room visits and hospital admissions Acute respiratory symptoms Chronic bronchitis Decreased lung function (shortness of breath) People with existing heart and lung disease, as well as the elderly and children, are particularly at risk

28. Reduce vehicle emissions:  Drive less  Keep cars well maintained and tires properly inflated  Turn off the engine when your vehicle is not in motion  Purchase low-emitting and fuel efficient vehicles  Share a ride, take public transportation bike, or walk  Cut your grass after 6 p.m.  Refuel your car after 6 p.m.  Combine errands into one trip What Can You Do? ?

29. Conserve electricity:  do not over-cool or over-heat buildings  turn off lights and appliances when not in use  Purchase electronics/appliances with energy star labels To protect your health, avoid strenuous outdoor activities when ozone levels are high