1. Ulama the Ancient Ball Game by Tabatha Blacksmith

2. Ulama was played by *Mesoamerican civilizations for 3,500 years *Mexico, Guatemala & adjacent territories

3. Ulama facts The oldest sport in the world Not just for men. Women played routinely in pre-Columbian times Versions of game played in Mesoamerica for 3,500 years Played w/a solid rubber ball (9-15 lbs.) Players wore a (leather) U-shaped yoke over the hips to deflect ball Protection included: padding around the waist, on arms and knees, and gloves Official games played in stone ball courts w/sides & end zones Balls could travel upwards of 30 mph Games could go on for hours or even days Early on, games had religious significance Ritual games concluded with human sacrifice (decapitation)

4. Ulama Ball Courts Great Ballcourt at Chichen Itza, Mexico Ballcourt at Monte Alban, Mexico

5. BALL COURTS Ballcourt at Taxtle, Cantona, Mexico Ballcourt w/Ring, Xochicalco, Mexico

6. Goal & BALL Ballcourt goal, Chichen Itza, Mexico 3.2 Kg. rubber ball Sinaloa, Mexico

7. Rules of the Game  Players could strike ball w/hips, legs or elbows  Ball could be bounced against sloping benches & vertical walls of ball courts  A point (raya) is scored when a team fails to return the ball or it is driven past the end zone (line)  A raya is lost if the ball touches the paved court  The first team to score 8 points wins  Complex scoring system awards points and takes them away  Ballcourt walls sometimes held stone rings for scoring

8. Artifacts Hacha, Vera Cruz, Mexico Stone Yoke (for ritual) – Yugo, AD 600-900, El Tajin, Mexico

9. Game Over for one ballplayer… One of a series of murals from the South Ballcourt at El Tajin, showing the sacrifice of a ballplayer.

10. Cultural & Religious Significance (during ancient times) Was more religious ritual than team sport Had political and military overtones Ritual games enacted at key religious festivals helped to ensure the continuous cycles of the cosmos & nature (agricultural fertility) Some ball courts adorned with sculptures depicting local gods & other supernatural beings (e.g. Aztec capital Tenochtitlan – now Mexico City) Some players gambled their homes, fields, sold their own children or offered themselves up as slaves to be sacrificed later (if not ransomed) Ulama balls were used as a de facto currency Aztecs grew rubber & produced balls extensively (important economically)

11. Religious symbolism Ball represented sun & moon/was kept in motion constantly Ritual game sacrifices believed to aid the sun’s journey from day to night & help it defeat lords of the underworld so it could reappear at dawn Sacrificed players metaphorically transformed & reborn (like the sun) Game’s symbolism dualistic: sky underworld, day-night, sun-moon, death rebirth

12. ULAMA TODAY Ulama is still played in Sinaloa, Mexico (without the sacrifice) Scholars have documented about 1,500 ballcourts and excavated about 450 Ulama faces extinction due to player’s poverty, geographic isolation, lack of natural rubber & competition from newer sports The Ulama Project – comprised of academics, athletes & local businessmen – seeks to preserve & study ulama for clues about how ancient Mesoamericans lived Rubber trees wiped out by development so people have to travel hundreds of miles to milk trees Cost of ulama ball is currently $1,000 due to scarcity of rubber Rubber balls donated to players in Los Llanitos, La Sabila, La Mora Escarbada, Villa Union, El Habal, Puerto de Canoas, Rosario and El Quelite

13. Vocabulario/Terms Espanol Ullamaliztli (ulama + ulli) Taste (pronounced TAS-TAY) Raya Fajados Analco Chichi or chivo Male por arriba Male por abajo Ulama de cadera Ulama de brazo (or antebrazo) Ulama de palo (or mazo) Veedor Manopla Maxtlatl Ingles Playing game w/rubber ball Playing field Point Leather girdle (protection) Center line End Line (to throw the) ball high (to throw the) ball low Hip ulama Forearm ulama Ulama w/wooden paddle An elder to settle disputes A handstone used to bat ball Loincloth

14. Bibliography Parsons, Lee Allen. "Ball Game, Pre-Columbian." Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Ed. Jay Kinsbruner and Erick D. Langer. 2nd ed. Vol. 1. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2008. 456-457. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 27 May 2012. Fox, John. “Students of the Game.” Smithsonian. Smithsonian.com, Apr 2006. Web. 27 May 2012 "Science and Technology: Take Me Out to the Ballgame; Sports Anthropology;" The Economist Apr 24 2004: 93-82. ProQuest Research Library. Web. 6 June 2012. Mesoamerican Heritage Chapter of the Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan (AGPHCM) http://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/about.htmlhttp://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/about.html Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI) http://www.famsi.org http://www.famsi.org Mesoamerican Heritage Chapter of the Asociacion de Gestores del Patrimonio Historico y Cultural de Mazatlan (AGPHCM) http://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/photo.h tmlhttp://www.ulama.freehomepage.com/photo.h tml Wikipedia encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgamehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerican_ballgame