1. It is evident from the graph that :- 1. the human population is increasing rapidly and shows a geometric (J-shaped) growth form 2. the population is doubling in shorter periods 3. the next doubling period (8 000 million) has been calculated to be in the year 2010 – a doubling period of 35 years 4. this increase in population CANNOT go on indefinitely – as environmental resistance (shortage of food, O 2 and living space) increases – something has to give – unless we are able to stabilise the population at the carrying capacity of the world Trend in the human population growth up to 1650 and from 1650 to the present moment

2. Worldwide human population growth from 1750 to 2000

3. Human population growth according to History

4. Human population growth in SA from 1947 to 2011

5. Human population age and gender distribution in: 1. an increasing population A population pyramid with a small number of old people indicates a population with a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This pattern is typical of less economically developed countries (LDC) like South Africa, South America and Asia (excluding Japan) 2. a stable population There is approximately the same number of young people and old people. About the same number of children is born each year compared to the number of people who die each year. Economical developed countries like Ireland have this kind of pyramid 3. a decreasing population There are more old people than young people. Each year more people die than are born. Developed countries like Germany have this kind of pyramid. Some southern African countries, like Botswana (experiencing the effects of HIV/AIDS) are also starting to show this kind of age-gender pyramid.

6. Population sizes in different parts of the world

7. The graph is divided into 2 groups: 1. The less developed countries (LDC) like Latin America, Africa and Asia (excluding Japan). Population growth is expanding rapidly and the majority of people live in poverty. Medical care and technological advances are not readily available, food is scarce and levels of education are low. A high social value is placed on large families. 2. The more developed countries (MDC) like North America, Australia and Europe. Population growth is low and people enjoy a good standard of living. Medical care and technology is readily available. Food and technology are available, level of education is high. A comparison of less developed countries with more developed countries

8. Discuss the differences between the gender-age pyramids for Japan & Zimbabwe.

9. Use these graphs to discuss the changing trends in the SA population. Indicate the working group (20 – 60 years), mention how their economical contributions will support the non-economical groups (children and old people). Take the % of jobless people into consideration and the fact that only 5.6% of the population pays tax

10. The effect of high population growth on the environment

11. The effect of high population growth on the environment (depletion of resources and increased pollution)

12. The effect of a growing population on resources, pollution, industrial output and the availability of food

13. Ecological footprint: the impact of a person, city, or country on the ecology of a local area or the whole planet. It is a measure of how much land and water a person, city or country needs and the wastes that are produced.

14. We do not know what the carrying capacity of the world is. The United Nations has predicted a global human population of over 10 billion people by 2050 – therefore an estimated 4 billion people will be added to the population in the next 40 years. One approach to estimate the carrying capacity of the earth is to look at the ecological footprint of different groups of humans.

15. According to the Global Footprint Network, humanity uses the equivalent of 1.3 planets to provide the amount of resources we consume and absorb the waste we produce. This means it now takes the Earth one year and four months to regenerate what we deplete in a year.

16. To calculate the ecological footprint of a population all their needs need to be taken into account, e.g. food, water, fuel, building materials, clothing and medical care. The impact, to produce the needs, on the environment is then calculated. An ecological footprint represents the area of land and water utilised by a particular nation. It takes into account the resources used by wastes produced by that country. It measures how much land an water a human population requires to produce what it consumes, and to absorb its wastes using current technology. It compares human demand with the earth’s capacity to regenerate

17. In 2006, the global ecological footprint outpaced the Earth’s biological capacity by 30 percent. This trend is increasing. In fact, on September 23rd of this year, we passed “Overshoot Day,” the day the human ecological footprint exceeded the Earth’s biocapacity and began living beyond its ecological means. Since then, we have been engaged in the ecological equivalent of deficit spending: our rate of resource consumption is exceeding the rate at which those resources can be naturally replenished.Overshoot Day

18. What are we doing?

19. Activity 3:Use the next two slide to complete the table: Greater ecological footprint than South Africa Similar ecological footprint to South Africa Smaller ecological footprint than South Africa AustraliaEthiopiaIndia

20. The effect of high population growth on the environment. The darker the colour, the greater the ecological footprints.

21. Reckless consumption is depleting the world’s natural capital to a point where we are endangering our future prosperity. The Living Planet Index shows that over the past 35 years along the Earth’s wildlife populations have declined by a third. Yet our demands to continue to escalate, driven by the relentless growth in human population and in individual consumption. Our global footprint now exceeds the world’s capacity to regenerate by about 30%. If our demands on the planet continue at the same rate, by the mid-2030s we will need the equivalent of two planets to maintain our lifestyles. The ecological credit crunch is a global challenge. The Living Planet Report 2008 tells us that more than three quarters of the world’s people live in nations that are ecological debtors—their national consumption has outstripped their country’s biocapacity. Thus, most of us are propping up our current lifestyles, and our economic growth, by drawing (and increasingly overdrawing) upon the ecological capital of other parts of the world.

22. The following categories affect your ecological footprint:

23. Ecological “footprint" for different countries

25. It is likely that the countries and regions with surplus ecological reserves, and not the ones relying on continued ecological deficit spending, will emerge as the robust and sustainable economies and societies of the future.

26. What will happen if this trend continue? If everyone lived like me, we'd need 3.5 planets to provide enough resources. To support my lifestyle, it takes 15.4 acres of the Earth's productive area. If everyone lived like me, we'd need 3.5 planets to provide enough resources. To support my lifestyle, it takes 15.4 acres of the Earth's productive area.

27. What can you do to save the world?

28. Sustainable: careful use of natural and human resources so that they will also be available to future generations Conservation: the management of the Earth’s resources so that it yields the greatest sustainable benefit to future generations while maintaining its potential to meet the needs of future generations