1. Kingdom Protista Objectives: 1.Explain how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotes. 2.Describe some distinguishing characteristics of kingdom Protista 3.Describe the ‘two stage’ lifecycle of some Protists

2. Quiz Answer the following questions... 1)What does phylogeny mean? 2)What kingdoms are in Domain Eukaryote? 3)How do bacteria reproduce? 4) Why are viruses not part of the six kingdom classification system?

3. Protista This kingdom contains organisms that display animal-like, plant-like and fungi-like characteristics.

4. Origin of Eukaryotes Protists were the first eukaryotes –Cell structure: membrane bound nucleus and organelles… –Perhaps these membranes developed from the folding of the cell membrane. –Beneficial because it increased surface area for exchange of gases and nutrients –Eventually the folding may have cleaved and formed membranes within the cell.

5. http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/organelles/ Aerobic prokaryotes benefit from food supply. Eukaryotes benefit from energy. Photosynthetic prokaryotes benefit from carbon dioxide inside of eukaryotes and eukaryotes benefit from extra food produced by prokaryotes. EVERYONE WINS

6. Origin of the mitochondria and chloroplasts Double membrane mitochondria and chloroplasts contain DNA (chromosomes) of their own…resembling DNA of prokaryotes. While outer membrane structure is typical of eukaryotic cells, the inner member structure is similar to that of prokaryotes. Also…mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce, during mitosis, by binary fission just like prokaryotes … mmmm what do you think?

7. Endosymbiosis… A symbiotic relationship where a single- celled organism actually lives within the cells of another organism… What if mitochondria and chloroplasts actually evolved from single-celled organisms that lived within the ancestral prokaryotic cells???

8. Three Groups of Protists 1. Plant-Like: contain chlorophyll and may produce food through photosynthesis, … but not always (some have flagella and no cell wall) 2. Animal-Like (Protozoa): heterotrophs and are very likely to be parasitic 3. Fungi-Like (slime moulds): some produce spores

9. Life-Cycles Single celled protists reproduce … –Sexually: Conjugation – cells line up and exchange genetic information –Asexually: Binary fission – cell divides into two identical daughter cells (like mitosis) Multi-celled protists…not so simple

10. May involve formation of sex cells (haploid) –Sperm fuses with egg resulting in a diploid zygote Some alternate between a diploid and haploid stage and produce haploid spores. –Spores divide and grow into a haploid organism (gametophyte) that produces haploid sex cells –Sperm fuses with egg resulting in a diploid zygote that grows into a multicellular sporophyte. Gametophyte: Haploid organism that produces haploid sex cells in an alternation of generations life cycle Sporophyte: Diploid organism that produces haploid spores in an alternation of generations life cycle

12. There are three types of protists 1) Plantlike Protists - contain chlorophyll, autotrophic ex. Euglena

13. ex. green, brown, and red algae - normally aquatic, can be found in both freshwater and marine environments floating on cell surface - also known as phytoplankton: tiny floating organisms that manufacture their own food, the first link in an aquatic food web

14. algae are responsible for 67% of the global supply of oxygen through photosynthesis! they are also the main source of crude oil

15. 2) Fungi-like Protists - also known as slime moulds: can clump together to form a slug-like mass that can travel to a “better place” -prefer cool, shady moist places - heterotrophic saprophytes: feed on dead and decaying matter

16. 3) Animal- like Protozoa - considered to be the “first animals” - motile: often will have flagella to help with movement - heterotrophic: can be pathogenic or not

17. ex. Plasmodium - a pathogenic protozoan that causes malaria

18. Four Phyla of Animal-Like Protists There are many different phyla of plant and animal-like protists... Phyla (all with some distinguishing characteristics) –Scarodina (ie: amoeba) –Mastigophora –Ciliophora (contain cilia) –Sporozoa State 1 or 2 distinguishing characteristics of each phyla.

19. Your Task… Read through pages 349-356 Discuss with your partner how plant-like, animal-like and fungi-like are similar/different. Discuss some distinguishing characteristics of each group (How could you tell them apart? What about their movement and feeding habits?) Movement, Feeding, Reproduction, Unique characteristics Answer questions 1, 3, 4, 5 – 8 and 10

20. Plenary 1.What are mitochondria and chloroplasts thought to have evolved from? 2.What selective pressures do you think favoured this evolution? 3.Name the three distinct groups that make up the Protists 4.Name 3 characteristics which are characteristic of organisms from other kingdoms that some Protists display 5.Why are some Protists considered to be ‘animal- like’, ‘plantlike’, or ‘fungilike’? 6.What is a gametophyte and a sporophyte? 7.What is interesting about the life-cycle of some Protists?

21. Sarcodina Foraminifera: This group of protozoa have shells that can group up to several inches in diameter. Amebas change the shape of their bodies extensions of the body called pseudopodia, or false feet.