1. Scientific Plan for LBA2 Changing the principle… LBA1 – structure by disciplines LBA2 – structure by issues –Foster integrative science and avoid the dicotomy between social and natural sciences –Strategy of the working group – define some central issues and try to merge the former science questions and to build new questions

2. Integrative Issues 1.Ecology of a changing environment 2.Sustainability of ecosystem services and aquatic and terrestrial production systems 3.Hydroclimate variability and change – adaptation and mitigation

3. 1.Ecology of a changing environment What are the impacts of managed and/or degraded forests and current agricultural configuration on the function of Amazon ecosystems? What are the fluxes of energy carbon, trace gases and aerosols between the biosphere and the atmosphere over a wide range of ecosystems in Amazonia and what are the affects of human activities on those fluxes? sources and effects of particles and aerosols in the Amazon region? photochemical cycle of oxidants? What is the impact of biomass burning emissions on the levels of air pollution and consequently the health of the human population of the Amazon region? trans-boundary pollution?

4. H.2 How do regional patterns define the transport of carbon and what do its transformations indicate about the relations between water movement, geomorphology and soils, and the structure of vegetation in the Amazon drainage basin? H.3: What are the implications of land change and global climate change for these processes? The Amazon estuary and forest-ocean interactions The Andean periphery that includes focii of deforestation in Peru and Ecuador relevant to regional carbon balance Flooded areas Degraded lands Ocean-atmosphere interactions. Forest inventories and forest ages in varying landscapes Water resources including restoration of surface water quality, use of ground- water, urbanization, and irrigated agriculture Changing patterns of diversity?

5. 2. Sustainability of ecosystem services, aquatic and terrestrial production systems What are the impact of managed and/or degraded forests on the function of Amazon ecosystems? Is the forest resilient under sustained management? Is there a minimum area and configuration of remnant forests necessary to maintain the integrity of regional function? What is the impact of the current agricultural configuration on the function of Amazonian landscapes and ecosystems? What is the value of ecosystem services provided by Amazonian ecosystems? M1: What are the fluxes of energy carbon, trace gases and aerosols between the biosphere and the atmosphere over a wide range of ecosystems in Amazonia and what are the affects of human activities on those fluxes? What processes regulate the photochemical cycle of oxidants in the atmosphere of Amazonia and how are these cycles affected by human activity? How will future changes in land use, land cover, and the rate of precipitation affect the hydrologic cycle and the fluxes of water, carbon, trace gases, and energy in Amazonia? What is the impact of biomass burning emissions on the levels of air pollution and consequently the health of the human population of the Amazon region?

6. C1:What are the processes that control the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nutrients, trace gases, and water in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Amazonia in response to the following items: Land use and land cover; Climate; Air quality; Agricultural intensification and diversification; Forest management; Urbanization processes; Changes in landscape structure and species composition. It is important to emphasize that the regional budgets of carbon, nutrients, and trace gases are still inadequately quantified. At the regional scale, riparian zones are fundamental systems yet to be thoroughly investigated. A specific question may be posed for the riparian zones. How do seasonally flooded and riparian environments modulate the distribution of oxygen, and nutrients affecting water chemistry, the emission of trace gases, and the cycling of carbon? How do fluxes of matter and energy interact as a function of landscapes composed of multiple land uses and covers? H1:How do land-water interaction processes scale to determine regional patterns? How do regional patterns define the transport of carbon and what do its transformations indicate about the relations between water movement, geomorphology and soils, and the structure of vegetation in the Amazon drainage basin? What are the implications of land change and global climate change for these processes?

7. 3. Hydroclimate variability and change – adaptation and mitigation L.3. Is there a minimum area and configuration of remnant forests necessary to maintain the integrity of regional function? L.5. How does climate and land change affect the propagation of disease? M.1. What are the fluxes of energy, carbon, trace gases and aerosols between the biosphere and the atmosphere over a wide range of ecosystems in Amazonia and what are the affects of human activities on those fluxes? M.2. What are the sources of particles and aerosols in the Amazon region? M.3. What are the effects of aerosols on cloud-microphysics, on the dynamics of convection, on precipitation, and on the fluxes of energy in Amazonia and how do these effects propagate to all scales of the global climate? M.4. What processes regulate the photochemical cycle of oxidants in the atmosphere of Amazonia and how are these cycles affected by human activity?

8. M5. How might the climate of the Amazon region change in response to dynamic vegetation changes resulting from either land cover change or global climatic forcing? And, how will the Amazonian climate system including the vegetation dynamics and land use change feedback to the global climate? M6. What is the relevance of regional and global teleconnections in the cycles of energy, water, and carbon in the Amazon region? M7. How will future changes in land use, land cover, and the rate of precipitation affect the hydrologic cycle and the fluxes of water, carbon, trace gases, and energy in Amazonia? M.9. What are the next exchanges of trace gases and aerosols between Amazonia and surrounding regions and how do these exchanges affect trans-boundary pollution?

9. C.1. What are the processes that control the stocks and fluxes of carbon, nutrients, trace gases, and water in the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems of Amazonia in response to land use and land cover; Climate; Air quality; Agricultural intensification and diversification; Forest management; Urbanization processes; Changes in landscape structure and species composition. C.3. How do fluxes of matter and energy interact as a function of landscapes composed of multiple land uses and covers? H.1. How do land-water interaction processes scale to determine regional patterns? H.2. How do regional patterns define the transport of carbon and what do its transformations indicate about the relations between water movement, geomorphology and soils, and the structure of vegetation in the Amazon drainage basin? H.3. What are the implications of land change and global climate change for these processes?