1. Simulations of Beamforming Algorithms Stelio Montebugnoli, IRA-INAF, Medicina (BO), Italy, s.montebugnoli@ira.inaf.it Giovanni Naldi, IRA-INAF, Medicina (BO), Italy, gnaldi@med.ira.inaf.it

2. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 2 The IRA/INAF Medicina Observatory The Observatory is addressed at: Via Fiorentina n. 3508/B - 40059 Fiorentina di Medicina (Bologna) Lat. Nord 44° 31' 13.8" Long. Est 11° 38' 48.9" Elev. 28m N 30Km

3. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 3 The IRA/INAF Medicina Observatory

4. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 4 The Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) dish antenna Built to partecipate to the european VLBI network. Tasks: VLBI and single dish observations 32m dish diameter Frequency coverage: 1.4 to 43GHz

5. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 5 The “Northern Cross” Radio Telescope E/W arm Single antenna 564 mt x 35 mt (1536 dipoles) N/S arm Array of 64 antennas 640 mt x 23.5 mt (4096 dipoles) Bandwidth: 2.7 (5 MHz) MHz @ 408 MHz E/W arm N/S arm Collecting area:  30000 m 2

6. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 6 The “Northern Cross” Radio Telescope Part of the Norther Cross array has been used to obtain pathfinders for both SKADS and Lofar BEST-2  1410 m 2 32 rx – 8 N/S cylinders

7. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 7 SKA: Square Kilometer Array Project of the greatest (in dimensions)Project of the greatest (in dimensions) and most powerful (in performances) and most powerful (in performances) Radio Telescope ever built in the world Radio Telescope ever built in the world AN INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUMAN INTERNATIONAL CONSORTIUM includes 18 COUNTRIES, includes 18 COUNTRIES, among them: Australia, United States, among them: Australia, United States, Canada, China, Italy, Netherlands… Canada, China, Italy, Netherlands… MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: MAIN CHARACTERISTICS: Collecting Area of about 1 Km 2 Collecting Area of about 1 Km 2 Frequencies: 0.1 - 25 GHz Frequencies: 0.1 - 25 GHz 3000 Km in diameter 3000 Km in diameter Very high sensitivity Very high sensitivity High resolution capability High resolution capability Great signal processing capacity Great signal processing capacity

8. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 8 LOFAR: LOw Frequency ARray

9. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 9 LOFAR: LOw Frequency ARray A new concept Radio Telescope under construction in the Netherlands. A new concept Radio Telescope under construction in the Netherlands. It is the largest radio telescope in the world for low frequencies (before SKA). It is the largest radio telescope in the world for low frequencies (before SKA). It will be composed by several stations with almost 200 simple omni-directional antennas (Netherlands, Deutschland, France, Italy?). It will be composed by several stations with almost 200 simple omni-directional antennas (Netherlands, Deutschland, France, Italy?). The Core (a total of 77 stations distributed within a circle of 175 km in diameter) has been partly built. The Core (a total of 77 stations distributed within a circle of 175 km in diameter) has been partly built. Low Band Antenna: 30 - 80 MHz High Band Antenna: 120 - 240 MHz

10. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 10 HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 10 Different methods for adaptive beamforming METHOD TIME required (3GHz PC clock considering 8 sensors) Applicability in a static environment Applicability in a dynamic environment MVDR9.313 secGood FD-LCMV54.53 secVery Good Not Applicable NULL STEERING 9.125 secGood KLT9.031 secGood

11. HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 11 HIMALAYA Kick-off Meeting, Brussels, 03/11/2009 S. Montebugnoli, G. Naldi 11 Basic block diagram of the MVDR adaptive beamforming implementation. 1- It is blind: no knowledge of the RFI directions are required. 2- The reference antenna is not required

12. THANK YOU