1. SKA Introduction Jan Geralt Bij de Vaate Andrew Faulkner, Andre Gunst, Peter Hall

2. Overview The SKA Why Aperture (phased) Arrays AA pathfinders/pre-cursors Development path towards SKA

3. The next step: SKA Square Kilometre Array 100 times larger in collecting area 10.000 more power full in survey speed Unprecedented instrument! W20 : Recent Developments in Phased Array Radar

4. Australia Southern Africa SKA Phase 1 Implementation 250 Dishes including MeerKAT 0.3-13.8GHz ~280 80m dia. Aperture Array Stations 50-350MHz 90 Dishes including ASKAP 0.8-1.7GHz Survey

5. Southern Africa SKA Phase 2 Implementation ~ 2700 Dishes 0.3 – 20GHz ~ 250 Aperture Array Stations 350-1450MHz ~280 180m dia. Aperture Array Stations 50-350MHz Australia

6. Why aperture arrays? Low frequency operation Survey speed The ability to create multiple beams for a very large Field of View Extremely flexible in observational parameters Multiple experiments can be run concurrently ICT based: AAs provide many new opportunities

7. v URSI GA Istanbul 2011 LOFAR Lessons7 LOFAR core LOFAR station

8. LOFAR: Digital Beam Forming W20 : Recent Developments in Phased Array Radar Antenna-Beam Station-Beam Station Dipole (Tied) Array-Beam Array

9. Precursor: MWA ICRAR+partners Western Australia 128 tiles

10. SKA-low implementation

11. b h Realized 16 element proto type array

12. SKA-AADC consortium 1.ASTRON Management, system, processing 2.ICRAR Australia Site, verification systems 3.INAF Italy Receiver 4.University of Cambridge System, antenna+LNA 5.University of Oxford Signal processing 6.KLAASA (China) 7.Associate members: –JIVE –University of Manchester –University of Malta –GLOW (German low frequency consortium) –MIT

13. AA-mid

14. EMBRACE at Westerbork (NL)

15. EMBRACE @ASTRON EMBRACE @Nançayn

16. Dual Beam Demonstration

17. From EMBRACE to SKA-mid Issues to be resolved; –Power consumption –Cost –Performance, calibratebility, noise SKA 2 requirements not clear SKA 2 timescale ?

18. SKA Schedule: AA-mid 20122013201420152016201720182019 SKA 1 SKA 2 Stage 1 Pre-Con Stage 2 SRR PDR MFAA AIP 2000m 2 AERA 3

19. AERA 3 African European Radio Astronomy Aperture Array 2000-5000m 2 14 stations ~80 deg 2 per Field of View baseline 300-1000m Science –BAO –Pulsar search –Polarization –HI absorption –RRL

20. Status Selected environmental test site –At the KAT7/meerKAT construction site

21. Status Ground anchor tests Karoo –August 2013

22. Status, Moura, Portugal Renewable energy installation AA Test station

23. MFAA consortium 1.ASTRON System design, proto-typing, management 2.Observatoire d’ Paris (Nancay) Front-end chips 3.University of Bordeaux ADC 4.University of Cambridge System design 5.University of Manchester ORA 6.China: KLAASA Receiver, antenna: 3x3m 2 array 7.Associate members: – PortugalRenewable energy –University of MaltaFractal ORA –South AfricaSite support

24. Conclusion Phased arrays open a new era in radio astronomy Surveys limited only by computing power –Very much an IT telescope Cost and power to be reduced in order to realize 100 million element system W20 : Recent Developments in Phased Array Radar