1. Aggregate Demand and Supply

2. Aggregate Demand Curve shows the level of real GDP purchased by everyone at different price levels during a time period, ceteris paribus The horizontal axis measures the value of final goods and services included in real GDP measured in base year dollars The vertical axis measure is an index of the overall price level, such as the GDP deflator or the CPI Aggregate Demand Curve slopes downward to the right Real balance wealth effect Interest rate effect Net exports effect

3. Interest Rate Effect Assuming fixed credit, an increase in the price level translates through higher interest rates into a lower real GDP Net Exports Effect A higher domestic price level makes U.S. goods more expensive compared to foreign goods, exports decrease, imports increase, decreasing real GDP Real Balance Effect Consumers spend more on goods and services because lower prices make their dollars more valuable Aggregate Demand Downward Slope

4. $200 $150 $100 $50 2 4 6 8 12 10 AD Aggregate Demand Curve Price Level Real GDP

5. Consumption –Income –Expectations –Wealth –Interest rates –Stock of durable goods Nonprice Determinants of Aggregate Demand Investment –Expectations –Technological change –Capacity utilization –Business taxes –Autonomous reasons Government spending Net exports

6. Autonomous Consumption is independent of the level of disposable income When disposable income is zero spending will equal autonomous consumption because households will dissave for basic needs 4 3 2 1 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 56789 Real Consumption 10 Real Disposable Income C Autonomous Consumption

7. 4 3 2 1 1 23 4 5 6 7 8 56789 Real Consumption 10 Shifts in the Consumption Function Real Disposable Income C1C1 C2C2  nonincome determinants Expectations Wealth Interest rates Stock of durable goods

8. Shift in the Firm’s Investment Demand Curve 16% 12% 8% 4% 5 10 1520 Interest rate I1I1 Real investment Income Expectations Technological change Capacity utilization Business taxes Autonomous reasons I2I2

9. Shifts in Aggregate Demand Curve Consumption: –Income: there is a direct relationship between changes in real disposable income and changes in consumption –Expectations: Consumers expectations of things to happen in the future will affect their spending decisions today –Wealth: There is a direct relationship between a change in wealth and a change in consumption –Interest rates: There is an indirect relationship between a change in interest rates and a change in consumption –Stock of durable goods: When durable goods are suppressed, like during WWII, afterwards there is an increase in the demand for goods not previously made available

10. Shifts in Aggregate Demand Curve Investments: –Expectations: Investors are susceptible to moods of optimism and pessimism –Technological change: New products and new ways of doing things have a big impact on investment decisions –Capacity utilization: For low utilization firms can meet an increase in demand without expanding For high utilization firms must increase investment to meet an increase in demand –Business taxes: Business decisions depend on the expected after-tax rate of profit –Autonomous reasons: Spending that does not vary with the current level of disposable income –Interest Rate: There is an indirect relationship between a change in interest rates and a change in investment, all else equal

11. Investment Demand Curve shows the amount businesses invest at different possible rates of interest 16% 12% 8% 4% 5 10 1520 Real investment Investment Demand (I) Interest rate

12. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 12 10 AD 1 Price Level (CPI) Real GDP Increases in C,I, G, (X-M) a shift in the aggregate demand curve lead to AD 2

13. Classical economists ideals were widely accepted prior to the 1930’s Classical economists believed the economy always tending toward a full employment equilibrium Say’s Law: Supply creates its own demand Full Employment theory: Producers produce goods consumers want and consumers have the money to buy because of the wages they were paid unemployment is possible, but it is a short-lived adjustment period in which wages and prices decline or people voluntarily choose not to work

14. Aggregate Supply Curve Shows the level of real GDP produced at different price levels during a time period, ceteris paribus Classical economist assume flexible product prices and wages Producers lower prices to sell additional output Idle resources mean wage and factor price negotiation: Unemployed workers are willing to work for lower wages to become re-employed A vertical aggregate supply curve explains flexible prices and wages and the vertical supply curve is at the full employment output (in the long run)

15. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 10 121416 Real GDP Full employment Classical Vertical Aggregate Supply AS Price Level (CPI) 17 AD 1 AD 2 unemployment

16. Aggregate demand decreases at full employment Unemployment causes a decrease in prices The economy moves to a level of full employment

17. John Maynard Keynes: A British economist (1883- 1946) who offered an explanation of the Great Depression of the 1930’s Keynesian Model Keynes wrote the book: The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and MoneyThe General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money Kenyes’ theory suggest demand can be forever inadequate for an economy to achieve full employment Then comes the Great Depression of the 1930’s Extended long term unemployment for which the classical model did not explain

18. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 Real GDP Price Level (CPI) 12 AS AD 2 AD 1 Keynesian Horizontal Aggregate Supply full employment 10

19. Government spending (G) increases Aggregate demand increases and the economy grows Price level remains constant, while real GDP and employment rise

20. Keynesians economists believe that because prices and wages are inflexible the economy can have long term unemployment Classical economists believe the economy normally operates at its full employment in the long run Understanding the Different Theories the price level of products and production costs change by the same percentage in order to maintain full employment Supply creates it’s own demand shifts in aggregate demand will restore a depressed economy to full employment in the long run we’re all dead

21. Real GDP Keynesian Range Ranges of the Aggregate Supply Curve AS Price Level Intermediate Range Classical Range YFYF Full Employment

22. 24 6 81012 AS 0 $50 $100 $150 $200 Full Employment AD 1 AD 2 AD 3 AD 4 Increasing Demand AD 6 AD 5

23. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 10 121416 Rightward Shift in the Aggregate Supply Curve AS 1 Price Level 17 AD AS 2 Real GDP

24. Types of Inflation Cost push Demand pull Cost Push Inflation A rise in the general price level resulting from an increase in the cost of production Demand Pull Inflation A rise in the general price level resulting from an excess of total spending

25. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 10 121416 Price Level 17 AD AS 1 Real GDP AS 2 Cost Push Inflation (Stagflation)

26. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 10 121416 Price Level 17 AD 1 AS Real GDP AD 2 Demand Pull Inflation

27. Stagflation High unemployment and rapid inflation exist simultaneously The business cycle Shifts in the aggregate demand and aggregate supply curves Other Shifts in AD & AS

28. 200 150 100 50 2 4 6 8 10 12141617 AD 1 AS 1 Real GDP Rightward Shift in Demand and Supply Price Level AS 2 AD 2

29. Increase in aggregate demand and supply Increase in real GDP Increase in price level

30. Additional Material

31. The Great Depression and the advent of Keynesian economics The economy could tend toward a less than full employment equilibrium Disposable income determines demand for goods and services Consumption Function: A graph that shows the amount households spend for goods and services at different levels of disposable income Savings: Money earned but not spent Dissaving: The amount by which personal spending exceeds disposable income People dissave by taking money from personal savings

32. Classical economists consider the interest rate the primary determinant investment Keynesians believe expectations of future profits is the primary factor, along with the level of interest rates, in determining the level of investment