1. Soils Part 2: Working through examples

2. Engineering Properties of Soils Soil Mechanics –Algebraic relationships V m, V a, V v, V w, V s W m, W a, W w, W s –Examples Solution for water content (w) Solution of void ratio (e) Effect of water table level on effective pressure

3. Phase Diagram

6. Engr. Properties of Soils: Example # 2

7. Engineering Properties Corrosion –Chemical decomposition –Affects fixtures such as culverts, cables and pipes –Depend on soil resistivity (low R-values have high corrosion potential) Ease of excavation –Procedures for removal during construction –Excavation vs. blasting (definition)

8. Expansive Soils Expansion results from changes in cation hydration envelopes; improves when Ca +2 replaces Na +1 Pure Montmorillonite may expand up to 15x original volume!

9. Engineering Properties Shrink-swell potential (expansive) –>3% volume increase potentially hazardous –Gain or loss of water (PI) –Clay mineralogy (smectites)/sulfate soils –About $3 billion in losses/yr. (Most expensive) –Common problem in parts of FloridaCommon problem in parts of Florida –Treatments Avoidance, Removal (Nationwide building) Slaked/hydrated lime (I-75 at Payne's Prairie) Portland Cement (sandy soils) Calcium chloride

10. Engineering Properties of Soils

11. Auger for drilling Footings for Stadium addition, Sept. 13, 2001 Engineering Properties of Soil

12. Rates of Soil Erosion (Universal Soil Loss Equation) Sediment Pollution - The greatest source of pollution. Land Use and Environmental Problems of Soils –Urbanization Increased erosion during construction Increased run-off after construction Increased stream erosion due to decreased sediment load and increased run-off –Off-Road Vehicles (snowmobiles, mountain bikes) Dunes and forests Damaging vegetation

13. Land Use Changes

14. Soil Pollution Times Beach Missouri(dioxin) Alachua and High Springs (EDB) Cabot Carbon Superfund site School on landfill Inadvertent or deliberate Treatment –On-site –Excavation –Bioremediation

15. Desertification Symptoms –Declining water table –Salinization of soil and water –Decrease in surface drainage –High rates of soil erosion –Damage to native vegetation Minimization –Protect and improve arable land –Protect from overgrazing; increase restoration efforts –Apply soil conservation practices –Appropriate technology (less intense)

16. Desertification

17. Soil Surveys and Land-Use Planning Soils affect the best use of land Properties are mappable features Geohazards may be mapped or imaged Geographic Information Systems –Features identify "best uses" area –Exclude areas(paleo-sinkholes at landfill site) Must be done on a large enough scale to be effective (satellite, SLAR, LIDAR) LIDAR