1. Natural Disaster’s Week Earthquakes & tsunamis

3. Earthquakes Discussion 1) How do most people in an earthquake die? What causes these large death rates? 2) What is an earthquake? How do they happen? 3) Where are earthquakes most common? Where is the San Andreas Fault?

5. Earthquake Terms Earthquake: Movement of rock bodies past each other Fault: Focus of earthquake movement Focus: Site of initial rupture Epicenter: point on surface above the focus

15. Richter Scale 0.5= hand grenade 1.0= Construction Blast 2.0= WWII Conventional Bomb 3.0= WWII Massive Ordinance Bomb 4.0= Small Atomic Bomb 5.0= Nagasaki Atomic Bomb 6.7= Northridge Earthquake, CA: 1994 6.9= San Francisco Earthquake, CA: 1989

16. Richter Scale Cont. 7.1= Magnitude equal to largest ever tested Thermonuclear Bomb 8.0= San Francisco, 1906: Mexico City, 1985: Sichuan China, 2008 8.5= Sumatra, India 2007 9.2= Anchorage Alaska, 1964: Largest recorded in US History 9.3= Indian Ocean, 2004 9.5= Valdivia, Chile, 1960: Largest Recorded Earthquake 10.0= Never Recorded

17. San Andreas Fault What Is It? Scientists have learned that the Earth's crust is fractured into a series of "plates" that have been moving very slowly over the Earth's surface for millions of years. Two of these moving plates meet in western California.

27. April 18, 1906 San Francisco Earthquake: 8.0, 3,000 killed

28. Actual Film Footage of the 1906 Quake

32. Sept 19, 1985 Mexico City Earthquake: 8.1, 10,00 killed

38. May 12, 2008 Sichuan, China Earthquake: 8.1, 69,000 killed

41. October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta (San Francisco) Earthquake: 6.9, 63 killed

44. Actual Footage Near the Epicenter

45. The Destruction

46. Haiti: 2010 On January 12, 2010 a 7.0 earthquake hit Port- au- Prince, Haiti 33 aftershocks recorded – 14 registered 5.0-5.9 230,000 dead 300,000 injured 1 million homeless

47. Check-out the City Below

48. Injured

49. March 27, 1964 Good Friday Earthquake (Anchorage Alaska):9.2, 161 killed

52. Not Just an Earthquake

53. Crescent City, CA Tsunami 1 ½ hours after earthquake hit Alaska the 1 st of 4 waves hit Crescent City, CA – The first was 21 ft and they only got bigger

54. My Hometown

55. The Destruction $15 Million in Damages 91 houses destroyed 21 Boats Destroyed 172 Businesses Damaged or Destroyed 11 People Killed: The only people killed by a Tsunami hitting the West Coast

56. Where The Waves Hit

61. History Does Teach Lessons

62. Earthquakes can strike at anytime However we can and have perfected ways to deal with their destructive capabilities – Innovation in preparedness Knowing what to do it if and when it happens Building codes in earthquake zones – Stabilizers and shocks – Shatter proof windows – New Materials

63. TSUNAMI’S

64. What is a Tsunami? Japanese word meaning “Harbor Wave” Caused by disturbances in the Ocean: Most common is an earthquake, but also volcano eruption Waves generated outward like a rock in a pond Waves average 450 mph Wave sizes can vary

68. Dec. 26, 2004: Earthquake Triggers the largest and most destructive Tsunami in History

69. Dec. 26, 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami: over 225,000 killed

70. Pay Attention to the Fountain

71. Cool Videos: Excuse the Language

79. US and World Response Nation’s from all over the world pledged millions of dollars in relief The United States Pledged $350 million – Former Presidents George H.W. Bush and Bill Clinton helped in the efforts – Private Sector money donated equaled $515 million – President George W. Bush donated $16,000 from his own bank account

80. How to Prepare for a Tsunami

81. Tsunami Warning System (TWS) Overview 26 nations participate in the program- if any of these nations detect seismic activity in the ocean they warn other nations

82. Tsunami Warning Centers NOAA- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NWS- National Weather Service Together, the NOAA and NWS operate 2 tsunami warning centers in the world – One is located in Palmer, Alaska It warns Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California if a tsunami is eminent

83. Tsunami Warning Centers A second warning center is located in Ewa Beach, Hawaii – It warns any Pacific Ocean nation of eminent threat from a tsunami These 2 centers, as well as the 26 member nations of the Tsunami Warning System (TWS), are in charge of detecting and warning the world of tsunamis

84. How Are Warnings Transmitted to the World? IF a tsunami has been detected, the 2 watch centers will issue warnings to every local, state, and national government in the potentially affected area – The governments will broadcast the warning to people over TV and radio – Sirens are also set up along coastal cities in countries like Thailand, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc. The NOAA Weather Radio System will also broadcast the warning to people over the radio In the end, governments are in charge of coordinating evacuations and emergency relief – How does the wealth of a country affect its ability to evacuate/warn/rescue people from tsunamis?