1. 14 July 2015 Safety Meeting

2. Agenda Welcome BoD Updates/Aircraft Status Safety Subject—Cross-Country Flying Questions/Comments

3. Cross Country Flying

5. Tonight, We Will Cover Elements of Cross Country Flying Mishaps

6. Why is Cross Country Flying Different?

7. Purpose

8. Planning

9. Dynamic Changes

10. Statistics VFR into IMC biggest problem Fuel Starvation Precautionary/Emergency Landings

11. 2001 Study of 77 New Zealand Cross-Country Accidents Weather-Related/Loss of Control Cross Country Accidents tend to happen further into the trip and are mostly fatal Emergency/Precautionary landings are almost never fatal.

12. Cross Country Things to Address Aircraft Loading Environmental Changes Fuel Consumption Technology “Outs”

13. Aircraft Loading

14. Environmental Changes

15. Fuel Consumption

16. Technology

18. “Outs”

19. Tips and Techniques Your Attitude is Key PAVE (Risk Assessment) – Make sure YOU are ready (IMSAFE) “WANTS” (Weather, Alternate, NOTAMS, TOLD, and SID) Check

20. Available at… http://flash.aopa.org/asf/flightrisk/quick.cfm

21. Mishaps 11 Apr 96, Cessna 177B, Cheyenne, WY

22. Jessica Dubroff 1988-1996

24. Itinerary

26. Pilot in Command 52 Yrs Old, Stockbroker by Profession Commercial Pilot, SEL since Dec 1990 CFI since April 1992; 8 students in 2 yrs 1,484 hrs; No Instrument Time in last 6 months Active in Young Eagles and similar programs 2 trips from West Coast to Oshkosh Flying Habits as reported by other pilots

27. PIC Sleep and Activity History Prior to Starting the Flight In 3 days prior to last flight, slept an average of 6 hrs per night Visibly tired at last fuel stop prior to Cheyenne Start/End of 1 st Day’s trip over 10 hrs Insisted on 0615 takeoff for next morning due to approaching storm, but all 3 left Hotel at 0714 and took off at 0820

28. PIC Signs of Fatigue on 11 Apr Started aircraft with nose chock installed, shut down, had lineman remove chock, then restarted Prompted for ATIS Asked for “Special IFR” (meaning Special VFR due to field condition) Rolling Takeoff before Clearance Issued

29. Cessna Cardinal 177-B

30. Loading Max T/O Weight 2500 lbs (+96 lbs over) Aft CG (110 in; Max Aft 114.5 in) POH Stall Speeds for Max GW 10 degrees of Flaps used for T/O

31. Departure Airport

32. Density Altitude At 6,670 ft

33. Density Altitude At Sea Level

34. Departure Weather

35. Flight Path,, 11 Apr 96

36. Media Aspects

37. Summary The NTSB concluded that the probable cause “…was the pilot’s improper decision to take off into rapidly deteriorating weather conditions when the airplane was overweight and when the density altitude was higher than he was accustomed to, resulting in a stall caused by failure to maintain airspeed. Contributing to the PIC’s decision to takeoff was a desire to adhere to an overly ambitious itinerary, in part, because of media coverage.”

38. Known to Unknown

39. Final Thoughts Cross Country Flying affords you the opportunity to behave like the pilot you were trained to be.

40. Resources https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IMXj7QITzA8 http://www.researchgate.net/publication/11415068_Cross- country_VFR_crashes_pilot_and_contextual_factors http://www.faa.gov/news/safety_briefing/2014/media/JulAug2014.pdf http://www.ntsb.gov/investigations/AccidentReports/Pages/AAR9702.aspx https://www.genebenson.com/newsletter/newsletter_sept12.htm http://flash.aopa.org/asf/flightrisk/quick.cfm

41. Questions/Comments Chuck Melton (757) 812-3721 cm814652@gmail.com

42. Preview—Next Safety Meeting Pilot Complacency

43. Future Safety Meeting Subjects Local Flying Area Problems Mid-Air Collision Prevention Seasonal Flying Hazards (including Wx and Bird Migration) Light Aircraft Maintenance and Potential Problem Areas Mishap Reports Wake Turbulence, Thunderstorms, Microbursts, Crosswinds, Flight Planning and Fuel Management Lost Pilot and other Emergency Procedures Spatial Disorientation, Survival, and Hypoxia Medication and Self-Medicating Hazards Mountain flying Cross-Country Flying

44. Backup

45. Results of a Study of 77 Cross-Country Accidents 31 were due to an Externally-Driven, Unplanned Event – Average Distance into Flight 78.1 nm – 23 due to Engine Failure – Avg Age 47 46 Controllable Exposure to Risk (Over twice the number of fatalities) – Average Distance into Flight 72.9 nm – 28 Weather-Related with Avg Dist 92.5 nm – 14 Loss of Control and Collision with Avg Dist 49.7nm – Avg Age 37.8

46. Weather Observations Time—0815; type—special; sky condition—2,400 feet scattered measured ceiling 3,100 feet overcast; visibility—5 miles; weather— moderate rain; temperature—43 degrees F; dew point— 32 degrees F; wind—260 degrees at 15 knots; altimeter setting— 29.69 inches Hg; remarks—0.03 inch rain fell since previous record observation, wind shift began 0800. Time—0823; type—special; sky condition—1,600 feet scattered measured ceiling 2,400 feet broken 3,100 feet overcast; visibility—5 miles; weather—thunderstorm light rain; temperature—40 degrees F; dew point—32 degrees F; wind—250 degrees at 20 knots gusting 28 knots; altimeter setting—29.71 inches Hg; remarks—broken variable scattered, thunderstorm began 0823, 0.04 inch rain fell since previous record observation, wind shift began 0800, peak wind 260 degrees at 28 knots/0817.