1. Chapter 5: Primates

2. Primate Video

3. Primate Characteristics
After the video; what are primate Characteristics:
_________________

4. Characteristics of Primates: Hands & Feet
Five digits on hands/feet
Opposable thumb: gripping
Partially opposable big toe
Nails on all or some digits
Fingerprints: For gripping (not identifying)

5. Characteristics of Primates
Shortened snout
Clavicle bone
Primates have great vision.
stereo vision
Macula: Spot in back of eye
Blocks the sun.

6. Macular Degeneration

7. Vision All primates rely heavily on vision
Color vision in Diurnal primates.
Point to Ponder: Why would this be an adaptive trait? (hint: think environment)_______________________________________

8. Stereoscopic vision Stereoscopic vision
Eyes in front of skull, overlapping fields of vision
Accurate 3-D vision
Increased depth perception
Why?________________________________________

9. I. Limbs & Locomotion Tendency towards erect posture
But, primates utilize a number of types of locomotion
Bipedal: Walking
Brachiation: Swinging
Knuckle walkers
Fist walkers
Limb jumpers

10. Question to Ponder
Why are Human Feet different? _______________________________________

11. II. Diet & Teeth
Lack of dietary specialization – most primates are generalized feeders eating a wide variety of foods
Therefore, primates have a generalized dentition

12. Four types of teeth: generalized for an omnivorous diet.

13. Diet & Teeth
Although some primates prefer some food items over others, most eat a combo of fruit, leaves, and insects.
Some do eat meat (chimps & baboons)
Some are leaf specialists (Colobine monkey)

14. III. Senses & Brain
Vision enhanced
Olfaction reduced
Complex brain

18. IV. Maturation and Learning
As placental mammals, primates have relatively long gestation periods
Also have few offspring, delayed maturation, longer lifespan than other mammals
Greater dependence on learned behavior

19. Ultimate mom video

20. V. Behaviors Tend to be diurnal Increased flexibility in behavior
Tend to live in social groups
In many primate social groups, males are permanent members – unusual among mammals.

21. Tool use

22. SURVEY OF LIVING PRIMATES

23. Three types of primates
Prosimians (pre-monkeys)
Monkeys (Old World and New World)
Apeshttp://anthro.palomar.edu/primate/table_primates.htm

24. Geographical Distribution

26. Two Suborders Prosimii Anthropoidea Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers
Monkeys, Apes, Humans

27. Lemur and Loris Most primitive
Greater reliance on olfaction (long snouts)
Mark territory with scent
More laterally placed eyes
Shorter gestation & maturation
Lemur and Loris

28. Lemurs
Madagascar
Many different species (diversified in absence of competing primates)
Became extinct in other areas

29. Lemurs : Over 100 species Range in size from 5”, 2 oz. to +2’, 22 lbs
Larger lemurs are diurnal, omnivorous
Smaller lemurs are nocturnal, insectivores
Many forms are arboreal
Live in large social groups

31. Lorises Similar in appearance to Lemurs
Tropical habitats (Sri Lanka, India, SE Asia, Africa)
Survived by adopting nocturnal habits
Competition avoidance with monkeys

32. Lorises Slow, cautious climbing form of quadrupedalism
Bushbabies active vertical climbers and leapers
Almost entirely insectivorous
Supplemented with fruit, gum, leaves

33. Tarsiers Nocturnal SE Asia Mated pair
Diet: insects & small vertebrates they catch by leaping from branches

34. Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, H.s)
Generally larger body
Larger brains in absolute and relative size
Increased reliance on vision
Fully forward placed eyes; greater degree of color vision
less specialized dentition
longer gestation; longer maturation; increased parental care
More social interaction

35. Monkeys ~ 70 % of all primates are monkeys Two types: Old World
New World

36. New World Monkeys
Almost exclusively arboreal
New World monkeys are the only monkeys with prehensile tails
Diurnal
Two Groups:
Callitrichidae
Cebidae

37. Callitrichids: Marmosets and Tamarins

38. Tamarins: Endangered

39. Marmosets and Tamarins
Most primitive monkeys
Retain claws instead of nails
Twins rather than single births
Family groups
Mated pair
2 males & 1 female
Males very much involved in infant care

40. Cebids: New World Monkeys
Larger than callitrichids
30 species
Diet varies with combo of fruits & leaves
Flat noses

41. Cebids: New World Monkeys
Some examples are Squirrel, capuchin, howler and spider monkeys
   

42. Old World Monkeys: Cercopithecines and Colobines

43. Cercopithecines: Baboons and Macaques
More generalized than Colobines (eat leaves)
More omnivourous
Cheek pouches to store food while foraging
Most found in Africa
Except the Japanese macaques

44. Colobines Leaf diet: Have a sacculated stomach
Colobus monkey exclusive to Africa
Langurs found in Asia
Probiscus in Borneo

45. Hominoids (apes & humans)
Super-family includes:
Less apes: gibbons and siamangs
Great apes: gorillas, orangutans, chimps
Humans (family Hominidae)

46. Hominoids: Our human ancestors

47. Gibbons & Siamangs Tropical SE Asia Extremely long arm limbs
Curved fingers
Reduced thumbs
Powerful shoulder muscles

48. Gibbons & Siamangs Monogamous pairs
Lack of sexual dimorphism: (m/f look different)
Males share equally in child care
Mated pairs are very territorial

49. Orangutans Borneo & Sumatra Almost completely arboreal
Solitary animals
Mainly frugivorous
Very large
(males = 200 lbs, females = 100 lbs)

50. Gorillas Mountain gorillas : 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.
Largest of living primate
Knuckle walkers
Exclusively vegetarianism
Marked sexual dimorphism
Males = 400 lbs, females 200 lbs.
Family group: Silverback male &
harem
2 species (Western and Eastern Gorillas) 4 subspecies ex. Mountain , Western Lowland, Eastern River,
Mountain gorillas : 620 left in the wild and none in zoos.

51. Mountain Gorilla

52. Chimps Equatorial Africa 2 species ( 5 groups ) Also knuckle walkers
Large social groups with no single, dominant male
Sexually dimorphic, but not as pronounced as gorillas and organutans.
Omnivirous (even will kill for meat)

53. Bonobos Bonobos are another species of chimps
More arboreal, more peaceful
Humans and chimps can have 95% similar DNA depending on which nucleotides are counted and which are excluded: That’s still big, 5 million base pair difference!!!!!

54. Quiz