1. Beowulf

2. Introduction to Beowulf Beowulf is one of the earliest poems written in any form of English. Actually, this writer should be called an editor because the poem had a long oral tradition and finally came to rest as what we know as Beowulf. The original poem didn’t have a title, modern editors gave the poem its name.

3. More About the Editor The “editor” was obviously well-read and conscious of his role as a poet. This is a Christian writer balancing his faith with very Pagan themes. We know that the editor is Christian because the only literate people of the time were those from the church.

4. Review of Old English History The Celts originally inhabited Britain. In the early 5 th century, the Romans withdrew and left Britain vulnerable to Germanic invaders (Vikings).

5. Old English History The Britons had become Christians in the 4 th century. The 1 st attempt to Christianize the heathen Germanic tribes occurred in 597 AD when Pope Gregory sent missionaries led by Saint Augustine to Kent.

6. Review of Old English History Before Christianity, there were no books. The only formally educated people were clerics in the church. The Anglo-Saxon invaders brought a tradition of oral poetry (some of which was later written down with a religious spin after the Christian conversion.

7. Introduction to Beowulf There is only one surviving Beowulf manuscript and it dates from late 10 th century. This manuscript was damaged in a fire in 1731 that destroyed many other medieval manuscripts.

8. Original Beowulf Manuscript (Note the burn marks on the top and sides)

9. Introduction to Beowulf Beowulf is recognized as a hallmark of English literature, yet its heroes and its setting are not English. The poem is set in two places: the first half on a Danish island and the second half in Beowulf’s homeland (an island off the SE coast of Sweden).

10. Introduction to Beowulf Interesting Fact: J.R.R. Tolkein (The Lord of the Rings Trilogy) was a learned Beowulf scholar. He played a huge part in getting Beowulf accepted as classic literature

11. Introduction to Beowulf Beowulf is written in the epic tradition, meaning it is larger than life. There is also liberal use of the supernatural. The poem champions bravery, loyalty, and devotion to community.

12. Introduction to Beowulf The poem portrays a strong sense of fatalism (acceptance of death) The warriors of the era accepted their mortality in a way that seems casual to modern readers. The concept of fate was central to the world view of Anglo-Saxons.

13. An epic… Is a long story in poem form Has a hero Is the story of the hero’s travels and his fights with monsters, gods, and bad guys An epic is in 3 rd person Was originally sung Jumps right into the plot Contains information about the culture that created them Offers clues as to what the author might have feared, admired, or questioned. Beowulf The Epic

14. The Epic Warrior Has “Larger than life” qualities, Is a natural lead of others Is not emotionally connected to his followers. Is appealing to the opposite sex, but is rarely in a committed relationship Defeats monsters and or fights for Gods

15. The Epic Warrior Has “good” on his or her side Is associated with strength and values Often stands alone in battle Is generally smarter than everyone else. A problem-solver Has a fatal weakness Is constantly on the move Is a skilled fighter

16. LITERARY ELEMENT – Conflict The central struggle between two opposing forces in a story or drama -External -Internal

17. External Conflict Exists when a character struggles against some outside force -EX: fight between two people

18. Internal Conflict A struggle within the mind of a character.

19. Christianity Darkness and gloom Battle and death Revenge Envy Reputation Recurring Themes

20. A mead hallHeorot