1. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Presentation Prepared by: Gary Iman Missouri State University © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Presentation Prepared by: Gary Iman Missouri State University Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Presentation Prepared by: Gary Iman Missouri State University Public Speaking AN AUDIENCE-CENTERED APPROACH CHATER EDITION 9 Steven A. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Susan J. Beebe Texas State University – San Marcos Presentation Prepared by: Gary Iman Missouri State University © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. Chapter 3 Speaking Freely and Ethically This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images any rental, lease, or lending of the program Art director: Maria Lange; Cover illustrator: Greg Betza

3. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. We’re the free speech wing of the free speech party. -Dick Costolo (Twitter CEO) William H. Johnson (1901–1970), Lift Up Thy Voice and Sing. c. 1942–44. Oil on paperboard, 64.9 x 54.0 cm. Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C./Art Resource, N.Y.

4. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives This chapter will help you to:  LO 1 – Explain how free speech has been both challenged and defended throughout U.S. history.  LO 2 – List and explain the five criteria for ethical public speaking.  LO 3 – Explain the relationship between ethics and credibility.

5. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Freely LO 1  Free Speech and the U.S. Constitution The first amendment guarantees that “Congress shall make no law … abridging the freedom of speech.” Since the 1700s, court rulings and laws have been shaping our interpretation of the First Amendment. Photo: STAN HONDA/AFP/Getty Images/Newscom

6. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Freely LO 1  Free Speech in the Twentieth Century During WW I, Supreme Court ruled it was legal to restrict speech that presented “a clear and present danger” to the nation. 1964 – Supreme Court narrowed the definition of slander, false speech harms someone. 1989 – Supreme Court defended the burning of the flag as a “speech act.”

7. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Freely LO 1 Ten Draft Principles for Global Free Speech Published on Free Speech Debate (www.freespeechdebate.com). These principles were drafted as part of an Oxford University research project led by Timothy Garton Ash and published on Free Speech Debate www.freespeechdebate.com where they can also be debated online.

8. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Have a Clear, Responsible Goal The goal of your speech should be clear to the listeners. Do not have a hidden agenda – violates listeners’ rights. Be socially responsible – means conveying respect and offering the audience choices.

9. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Use Sound Evidence and Reasoning Ethical speakers use critical thinking. Unethical speakers substitute false claims, emotional manipulation, and fears. Sen. Joseph McCarthy manipulated emotions and fears about Communism. Photo: National Archives and Records Administration

10. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Be Sensitive to and Tolerant of Differences Accommodation or sensitivity does not mean speakers must abandon their own convictions. Accommodation or sensitivity directs the speaker to be audience-centered. Speaker needs to be willing to hear opposing views.

11. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Be Honest Dishonesty is costly to public speakers. Hypothetical examples – or examples that are not real – can be used by remembering: o Always let audience know if it is hypothetical. o Begin the example with something like – “Imagine that …” Give credit for ideas and information that is not your own.

12. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Do NOT Plagiarize Understand what constitutes plagiarism: o Presenting someone else’s words or ideas as though they were your own. o Less obvious form of plagiarizing – patchwriting. o Patchwriting is failing to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source. Understand that plagiarism may have significant consequences.

13. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Do NOT Plagiarize (cont.) Understand that plagiarism may have significant consequences. o College students – 75 to 98% admit to having cheated at least once. o What are the significant consequences for cheating or plagiarizing at your school? o Consequences on the job could include loss of a job or a promising career.

14. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Do NOT Plagiarize (cont.) Do your own work and editing of final work. o Many people find interesting things on the web that can be made into a speech. o This shortcut is often detected and shortchanges you in the process of learning how to create a speech. o Having someone else – anyone else – write or edit your speech is also plagiarizing.

15. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Do NOT Plagiarize (cont.) Acknowledge your sources. o Give credit for all direct quotations. o Give credit for the opinions, assertions, or ideas of others even if paraphrased. o Give credit for statistics. o Give credit for any nonoriginal visual materials.

16. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Oral Citations Avoid holding up fingers to “quote” a citation. The publication date, title, source and author are to be included in the oral citation. Pause before and after you give an oral citation.

17. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Ethically LO 2  Written Citations You may be asked by your instructor to provide a written citation page detailing your sources. Your instructor will specify which format to use – APA or MLA.

18. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Speaking Credibly LO 3  Credibility Defined Credibility is an audience’s perception of a speaker as competent, knowledgeable, dynamic, and trustworthy.  Greek Rhetorician Aristotle Said Ethos or ethics is connected to speaker’s credibility.  Roman Teacher Quintilian Said An effective public speaker is a “good person speaking well.”

19. © 2015, 2013, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 End of the Lesson