1. Chapter 5 Architectural Lines and Lettering

2. 2 Links for Chapter 5 Types of Lines Line Techniques Lines with CADD Lettering

3. 3 Line Characteristics Each line conveys a particular meaning –Thicker lines are more dominant and intended to be seen –Thinner lines are subordinate but just as important –Lighter lines are used as guides for drawing other features or for lettering properly

4. 4 Types of Lines Construction lines - Used for drawing layout and drawn lightly Guidelines - Used to properly align letters Object lines - Drawn to define outline and characteristic features Hidden lines - Represents features that are not visible Line

5. 5 Types of Lines Extension lines - Shows the extent of the dimension Dimension lines - Shows the length of the dimension Leader lines - Used to connect notes to related features Break lines - Drawn freehand to show the termination of a feature

6. 6 Examples of Lines

7. 7 Line Techniques Prepare sketches before beginning drawing Do layout with construction lines Make all horizontal lines on drawing first Draw all vertical lines Place symbols on accordingly Add lettering and keep drawing clean

8. 8 Pencil Line Methods on Vellum All lines should be consistently dark and crisp –Use a lead of proper hardness –Rotate mechanical pencil and hold at 45° –Maintain a constant pressure on the pencil –Draw all lines only once or double lines may occur

9. 9 Polyester Lead Methods on Film Polyester lead is faster than ink and is better quality –Always draw on the mat side –Draw lines in one direction –Use a light touch to reduce smearing and embossing –Use a vinyl eraser to remove lines

10. 10 Inking on Film or Vellum Ink on the matted side Ink is wet until it turns from shiny to dull Use spacers on drafting equipment

11. 11 Hints for Inking Hold the pen perpendicular Move pen at a constant speed Allow the pen to flow easily Use spacer under the drafting tools Periodically check the pen for leaks Keep reservoir 1/4 to 3/4 full Shake pen lightly to get the ink flowing

12. 12 Lines with CADD Lines are drawn using the LINE command between two Cartesian coordinate points The Cartesian Coordinate System –Grid with one unit blocks –The “Y” axis is vertical –The “X” axis is horizontal –X=0 and Y=0 is the origin

13. 13 Coordinate Systems Absolute Coordinate System –All points are measured from the origin (0,0) Relative Coordinate System –Points are located from the previous points –Use the @ symbol to add these coordinates –@-3,1 - draw line to the left three units and down one unit

14. 14 Coordinate Systems Polar Coordinate System –Points are located from the previous points as a distance and an angle –Use the @ symbol to indicate the distance –Use the < symbol to indicate the angle –@3<45 - draw line three units long at 45°

15. 15 Picking Points with Cursor GRID show the grid layout on the screen SNAP forces the cursor to “snap” to a designated distance Coordinates are displayed for quick reference in the coordinate display window

16. 16 Lettering Terms Composition - Spacing, layout, and appearance of the text Justify - Text alignment Font - An assortment of one size and style of lettering or text Style - A set of text characters

17. 17 Metric Lettering Rules Give unit names in lower case (mm, m, kg) Give proper names in upper case (K, Pa, N) Leave space between symbol and number (21 mm) Do not use plural metric symbols (m not ms) Do not mix names and symbols

18. 18 General Lettering Tips Be conservative with letters and do not add to much flair to the letters Keep letters consistent Use guidelines Minimum size is 1/8” Titles are 3/16” or 1/4”

19. 19 More Lettering Tips Use 0.5mm automatic pencil with H, F, or HB lead Rest hand on clean protective sheet Keep vertical lines farther apart than angles or curved lines Relax and be comfortable Slanted letters should be at about 68°

20. 20 Lettering Equipment Use an Ames Lettering Guide for guidelines Lettering machines can be used to produce drawing titles, labels, or special headings Transfer letters and symbols are individually burnished onto the drawing Sticky back letters are produced on a computer and adhered to the drawing

21. 21 CADD Lettering Text is consistently placed in shape and size Text is easily modified TEXT command is used to specify the text characteristics Scale factor establishes the scale between the drawing and the text Insertion point indicates where the text starts