1. CHAPTER 2 Introduction to Manual Drawing

2. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 2 Contents Drawing tools Drawing sheets and layout Lettering Lines Scale Abbreviations MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

3. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 3 What & Why MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

4. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 4 2.1 Drawing tools Tools and instruments that are used to produce technical drawing manually Some tools are essentials while others are optional Including: –The drawing board/table –Drawing instruments –Measuring instruments –The set squares –Pencils and erasers –Instruments to aid the drawing of curves MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

5. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 5 2.1 Drawing tools These are used to place the paper for drawing The drawing table –Normally A0 or A1 size –Usually attached with Tee-square The drawing board –Normally a flat wooden board with Tee square –Size to suit the range of paper sizes (A0-A3) –Drawing sheet is fixed to the board using clips or tape MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

6. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 6 2.1 Drawing tools Drawing instruments Include instruments to draw circles Compasses : friction-joint & spring bow Many sizes e.g. –To draw small circles - up to 20mm radius –To draw circles 5mm to 150mm radius MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

7. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 7 2.1 Drawing tools Measuring instruments –E.g scale rule Set squares –Several types 60 o,30 o set square 45 o set square adjustable set square MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

8. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 8 2.1 Drawing tools Pencil and erasers –18 degrees of hardness: from 9H – very hard to 7B – very soft normally it is recommended: –2H or H for construction, dimension, extension, leader, center lines –HB or B for lettering, visible lines Instruments to aid drawing curves –French curves –Flexible curve MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

9. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 9 2.2 Drawing layout Drawing sheets –Usually based on 'A' series Drawing sheets material - paper, linen, plastic film Drawing sheet layout –Sheet frames or border –Usually 20mm for A0 & A1, 10mm for others Title block or title frame –Represents general information source for a drawing –Usually at bottom right-hand corner A0 : 1189x841 A1 : 841 x 594 A2 : 594 x 420 A3 : 420 X 297 A4 : 297 X 210 All in mm MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

10. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 10 2.2 Drawing layout MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

11. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 11 2.3 Lettering Text is an important part of a technical drawing. Not all info required on technical dwg can be communicate graphically such as dimensions. One method of creating text is by freehand lettering. The standard style for freehand lettering is single-stroke Gothic lettering. MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

12. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 12 2.3 Lettering Characteristic of good lettering –Should be neat, not sloppy –Should be uniform and consistent i.e. same height, proportion & inclination – use guidelines –Should have proper spacing of letters and words –Should not contain unnecessary frills MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

13. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 13 2.3 Lettering Characteristic of good lettering –Should use capital letters except for standard abbreviation e.g. mm, kg –Recommended minimum height 2.5mm –Recommended height 5mm to 7mm –Underlining of lettering should be avoided MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

14. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 14 2.4 Lines Different line types for different purposes - to ensure drawing to be read quickly & accurately Types of lines and thickness of line Commonly used line types & thickness: PencilDescription Usage Example B/2B/ 0.5mm Continuous thickDrawing outlines & visible edges Continuous thinHatching, dimension & projection lines Continuous wavy thick Limit of partial view Dashed thinHidden detail Long & short dash thin Center lines 2H/H/ 0.3mm 2H/H/ 0.3mm 2H/H/ 0.3mm B/2B/ 0.5mm MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

15. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 15 2.4 Lines Standard line types used in technical drawing MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

16. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 16 2.5 Scale What does it mean? Scale used should always be stated on drawing – important info that is usually written in the title block. 'do not scale' / 'not to scale‘ / NTS – the drawing is not drawn to a certain scale Recommended scale –1:1 for full size –for greater than full size 2:1 for twice full size 10:1 for ten times full size –for reduced size 1:2 for half full size 1:10 for tenth full size other common scale - 1:5, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500 etc. MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

17. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 17 2.6 Abbreviations MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

18. adzly anuar © 2001-2004 18 2.7 Conclusion MEMB113 | MANUAL DRAWING | CHAPTER 2

19. End of Chapter 2 Thank You