3/2/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.

3/2/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.
How do you think you did on the cell division test? How long did you study for it (out of class)? Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets? What could YOU do to improve your grade? What could I do to help you?

Genetics Vocab 10. Heterozygous 11. Homozygous 12. Probability 13. Monohybrid (Cross) 14. Punnett Square 15. Dihybrid (Cross) 16. Complete Dominance 17. Incomplete Dominance 18. Codominance 19. Molecular Genetics Law of Independent Assortment Dominant Recessive Heredity Traits Law of Segregation Genotype Phenotype 9. Alleles

3/5/12—Pick up Handout @ the back
Finish defining Vocab Week 9 Prefix/Suffix vocab Complete Word Search Puzzle 10. Heterozygous 11. Homozygous 12. Probability 13. Monohybrid (Cross) 14. Punnett Square 15. Dihybrid (Cross) 16. CompleteDominance 17. Incomplete Dominance 18. Codominance 19. Molecular Genetics

Genetics: The Science of Heredity
A Priest-Scientist Gregor Mendel

Who was Gregor Mendel? Austrian monk Lived 1822 to 1884
Grew on the family farm High school teacher Gardener of monastery where he lived as a monk Did experiments on pea plants Kept careful records & used mathematics to make sense of what he observed

Heredity Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring.
Mendel experimented with heredity of certain traits found in peas. Mendel studied each trait separately and discovered certain patterns in the way traits are inherited in peas. Mendel’s work has become the basis of genetics, the study of heredity.

Mendel’s Pea Experiments
Mendel chose pea plants because their traits were easy to see and distinguish. He crossed plants with two different traits, for example purple flowers with white flowers. He started his experiments with purebred plants. Purebred plants ALWAYS produce offspring with the same trait as the parent. For example, if the parent is tall, all offspring will be tall. If the parent is short, all offspring will be short.

Some Pea Traits that Mendel Studied

F1 Generation Mendel called the parent plants the P generation.
He called the offspring from the parents the F1 generation. F is from the Latin word, filial, which means son. When Mendel crossed pure pea plants with purple flowers with pure pea plants with white flowers, all the F1 generation had purple flowers. P Generation F1 Generation

F2 Generation When he crossed the F1 generation peas with one another, only some of the offspring had purple flowers. These formed the F2 generation. Mendel found that in the F2 generation, ¾ of the plants had purple flowers and ¼ of them had white flowers (3:1 ratio). F1 Generation F2 Generation

Review 1.Who was Gregory Mendel? 2.Why did he choose peas for his experiments? 3.What is heredity? 4.What is genetics? 5.What is a purebred plant? 6.What is the P generation? 7.What is the F1 generation? 8.What is the F2 generation?

3/6/12- Do-Now: -Take out and complete the Crossword Puzzle (on back of yesterdays Wordsearch) -Take out HW: Vocabulary Practice -Genetics Vocabulary Quiz tomorrow—Study vocab, Vocab Practice handout, & Crossword!

3/6/12—Take out Practice Vocab from yesterday
Take out 1 Clean Sheet Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions” -P266, #1-6

Understanding Mendel’s Experiments

Dominant and Recessive Traits
It seemed to Mendel, that for each characteristic in peas, one trait was stronger than the other. He called the “stronger” one, the dominant trait. He called the “hidden” one, the recessive trait.

Genes and Alleles The traits of peas (and yours) are controlled by factors that scientists call genes. You inherit your genes from your parents. The different forms of a gene are called alleles. You inherit a combination of two alleles from your parents.

Dominant and Recessive Traits in Peas
For each of the 7 traits that Mendel studied in peas, there is a dominant allele and a recessive allele. If a plant inherits both a dominant allele and a recessive allele, the dominant allele masks the recessive allele.

Some Pea Traits that Mendel Studied

Understanding Mendel’s Experiments Part I
2 alleles for purple PP 1 allele for purple. 1 allele for white Pp 2 alleles for white pp

Understanding Mendel’s Experiment Part II
1 allele for purple 1 allele for white Pp Pp 2 alleles for purple PP 2 alleles for white pp 1 allele for purple 1 allele for white Pp

Review 1.What did Mendel find to be the same with all 7 traits of the pea plant that he studied? 2.What are genes? 3. What are dominant alleles? 4.What are recessive alleles? 5.What happens if a pea plant inherits two dominant allele of the same gene? 6.What happens if a pea plant inherits a dominant allele and a recessive allele of the same gene? 7.What happens if the pea plant inherits two recessive alleles of the same gene?

Probability and Genetics
Lesson 3 Probability and Genetics

Probability Probability is the likelihood that a particular event will occur. The laws of probability determine what is likely to occur, not what does occur. Mendel was the first scientist that applied the principles of probability to genetics.

Punnett Square Punnett square is a table that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result when two organisms cross. Using Punnett square, geneticists can predict the probability of occurrence of a particular trait. The allele that each parent will pass to its offspring is based on chance, just like tossing a coin.

Genotypes and Phenotypes
Genotype: Indicates the alleles that the organism has inherited regarding a particular trait. Phenotype: The actual visible trait of the organism. Genotype

Homozygous and Heterozygous
Homozygous: An organism with two identical alleles for a trait (a purebred organism). Heterozygous: An organism that has two different alleles for a trait (a hybrid organism).

Codominance In codominance, the alleles are neither dominant, nor recessive. Neither allele is masked by the other. Roan Cow Is both white and red

Incomplete Dominance Occurs when one allele is not completely dominant over another The heterozygous phenotype is somewhere in between the two homozygous phenotypes. Ex.-Red flowering plant crossed with white flowering plant yields pink flowering offspring

Complete Dominance Occurs when one allele is completely dominant over another allele The offspring will look like the dominant allele. Ex.-Homozygous tall pea plants mated with short pea plants will yield a tall offspring.

3/6/12— Ch 11 Review Questions
Take out 1 Clean Sheet Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions” -P266, #1-6 -p269, #1-5 -p274, #1-5

3/7/12- Get out Notes, Vocab Handout, & Probability Activity from yesterday.
Do-Now: 1.What is probability? 2.What is the Punnett Square? How is it helpful to geneticists? 3.What is a genotype? 4.What is a phenotype? 5.What is a homozygous organism? 6.What is a heterozygous organism? 7.Explain codominance. 8. What is incomplete dominance? 9. Explain complete dominance.

10/3/11-You do NOT need your book.
Do-Now: Copy the week 8 vocab list from the board.

Genetics Review The study of heredity.
Gregor Mendel (1860’s) discovered the fundamental principles of genetics by breeding garden peas.

Genetics Alleles 1. Alternative forms of genes.
2. Homozygous alleles are exactly the same. 3. Dominant alleles – capitalized (TT - tall pea plants) a. Homozygous dominant 4. Recessive alleles - lowercase (tt - dwarf pea plants) a. Homozygous recessive 5. Heterozygous (different) (Tt - tall pea plants)

Phenotype Outward appearance Physical characteristics Examples:
1. tall pea plant 2. dwarf pea plant

Genotype Arrangement of genes that produces the phenotype Example:
1. tall pea plant TT = tall (homozygous dominant) 2. dwarf pea plant tt = dwarf (homozygous recessive) 3. tall pea plant Tt = tall (heterozygous)

Practice! Practice! Practice!!!
In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele.

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 1. What is the genotype of a homozygous tall plant?

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 2. What is the genotype of a homozygous short plant?

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 3. What is the genotype of a heterozygous tall plant?

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 4. A plant has a genotype of Tt. What is its phenotype?

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 5. A plant has a genotype of tt, what is its phenotype?

In pea plants the Tall (T) allele is dominant over the dwarf (t) allele. 6. What are the two alleles for the height of a pea plant?

Answers: 1. TT 2. tt 3. Tt 4. Tall 5. short 6. T (tall) and t (short)

3/8/12— Ch 11 Review Questions
Take out 1 Clean Sheet Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions” -P266, #1-6 -p269, #1-5 -p274, #1-5

Punnett square A Punnett square is used to show the possible combinations of gametes.

Breed the P generation tall (TT) (x) dwarf (tt) pea plants T t

tall (TT) (x) dwarf (tt) pea plants
All Tt = tall (heterozygous tall) produces the F1 generation Tt

Breed the F1 generation tall (Tt) (x) tall (Tt) pea plants T t T t

tall (Tt) (x) tall (Tt) pea plants
produces the F2 generation 1/4 (25%) = TT 1/2 (50%) = Tt 1/4 (25%) = tt 1:2:1 genotype 3:1 phenotype TT Tt tt

Monohybrid Cross A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of a single trait. Mendel’s “principle of segregation” a. pairs of genes separate during gamete formation (meiosis). b. the fusion of gametes at fertilization pairs genes once again.

Monohybrid Cross Example: Cross between two heterozygotes for brown eyes (Bb) BB = brown eyes Bb = brown eyes bb = blue eyes B b Bb x Bb male gametes female gametes

Monohybrid Cross B b Bb x Bb 1/4 = BB - brown eyed
1/4 = bb - blue eyed 1:2:1 genotype 3:1 phenotype BB Bb bb

3/8/12— Take out Punnett Square work from yesterday
Take out 1 Clean Sheet Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions” -P266, #1-6 Write down what you did in your Do Now

Ch 11 Review Questions Take out 1 Clean Sheet
Title it “Ch 11 Review Questions” -P266, #1-6 -p269, #1-5 -p274, #1-5

Practice! Practice! Practice!!!!
In cocker spaniels black (B) is dominant to red (rust) (b). 1. What would be the phenotypic ratio of a cross between a true breeding black crossed with a true-breeding rust?

Step 1. Write the genotypes of the parents
True breeding Black

True breeding Black BB

True breeding Black BB True breeding rust

True breeding Black - BB True breeding rust – bb

Step 2 – List the possible gametes from each parent
BB bb B B b b

Step 3 Draw punnett square and place the gametes on the sides.
BB bb b b B B b b B B

Step 4 Fill in the punnett square to find the possible zygotes
BB bb b b B B b b B b B b B B b B B b

Step 5 Determine the genotypic and Phenotypic ratios
BB bb b b B B b b Phenotype B b B b B 100% Black Genotype B b B B b 100% Bb

Review! Review!! Review!!!!! Step 1. Write the genotypes of the parents Step 2 – List the possible gametes from each parent Step 3 Draw Punnett square and place the gametes on the sides. Step 4 Fill in the Punnett square to find the possible zygotes Step 5 Determine the genotypic and phenotypic ratios

In cocker spaniels black (B) is dominant to red (rust) (b). 2. What would be the phenotypic ratio of a heterozygous black and a true-breeding rust? 3. Two black cocker spaniels have eight puppies: 5 black and 3 red. What are the genotypes of the two parents?

In dogs wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth (w) hair. 4. A true-breeding wire hair is crossed with a heterozygous wire hair. What will be the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? What percentage of puppies will be homozygous for wire hair?

In dogs wire hair (W) is dominant to smooth (w) hair. 5. In a cross between a wire hair and a smooth hair 6 puppies were produced. 4 puppies had wire hair and two puppies had smooth hair. What were the genotypes of the parents?

Practice Problems Complete a Punnett Square for each of the following:
T = tall plant t = short plant P = purple flowers p = white flowers PP x pp Pp x pp Tt x TT 5. tt x TT Pp x PP Tt x tt

10/4/11-Set out your HW to be checked. You do NOT need your book.
Do-Now: Complete the Genetics CW Puzzle.

3/13/12-Set your HW out to be checked.
Do-Now: Complete the monohybrid cross. GgxGg (Green seeds are dominant over yellow.) A hybrid tall plant crossed with a pure bred short plant (Tall is dominant.) A heterozygous brown haired man crossed with a blonde woman (Brown is dominant.) **Punnett Square Quiz tomorrow, Test Thursday

Dihybrid Cross A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendel’s “principle of independent assortment” -each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation (metaphase I)

Dihybrid Cross Example: cross between round and yellow heterozygous pea seeds. R = round r = wrinkled Y = yellow y = green RrYy x RrYy RY Ry rY ry x RY Ry rY ry possible gametes produced

Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry RY Ry rY ry

Dihybrid Cross RY Ry rY ry RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy RRyy Rryy rrYY rrYy
Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio RRYY RRYy RrYY RrYy RRyy Rryy rrYY rrYy rryy

3/14/12—Take out HW #11-14 Create (monohybrid) Punnett squares for the following, assuming that red flowers are dominant over white flowers. RRxrr Homozygous red flowering plant crossed with a heterozygous flowering plant Heterozygous flowering plant crossed with a white flowering plant Homozygous dominant flowering plant crossed with a heterozygous dominant flowering plant

Incomplete Dominance F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. Example: snapdragons (flower) red (RR) x white (rr) RR = red flower rr = white flower R r

Incomplete Dominance R produces the Rr F1 generation r All Rr = pink
(heterozygous pink) produces the F1 generation Rr

Codominance Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Example: blood 1. type A = IAIA or IAi 2. type B = IBIB or IBi 3. type AB = IAIB 4. type O = ii

Codominance Example: homozygous male B (IBIB)
x heterozygous female A (IAi) IA IB i IAIB IBi 1/2 = IAIB 1/2 = IBi

Codominance Example: male O (ii) x female AB (IAIB) i IA IB IAi IBi

Codominance Question: If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents. boy - type O (ii) X girl - type AB (IAIB)

Codominance Answer: IB IA i IAIB ii Parents: genotypes = IAi and IBi
phenotypes = A and B

3/15/12-Pass back ½ sheet. Do-Now: Set out your HW to be checked
Complete the ½ sheet Study over your Review Sheet.

10/6/11-Set out your HW to be checked.
Do-Now: 1. Mendel’s nickname was _____. 2. Contrast complete, incomplete & codominance. List an example of each. 3. How are monohybrid & dihybrid crosses different?

10/6/11-Pick up your book. Do-Now: Diabetes is a recessive trait. It possible for two parents that do not have diabetes to have a child that does. Show a Punnett square (with all geno-/phenotypes) to prove it. Punnett Square Quiz, Video, Review Sheet TEST TOMORROW!!!!!!

3/16/12- Same Rule Across/through Write/record People Not/apart Earth
Do-Now: Match the term to its meaning. Cracy Demos Dia Dis Ego Epi Frater Geo Graph Idem Same Rule Across/through Write/record People Not/apart Earth I/Self Upon/over brother

3/16/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.
How do you think you did on the cell division test? How long did you study for it (out of class)? Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets? What could YOU do to improve your grade? What could I do to help you?

3/16/12- Father foot death few name city after carry around love
Do-Now: Match the term to its meaning. Mortis Nomen Olig Pater Ped Peri Philo Polis Porto Post Father foot death few name city after carry around love

Genetic Disorders & Mutations Vocabulary
Frameshift mutations Point mutation Polyploidy Selective breeding Genetic engineering Restriction enzyme Gel electrophoresis Recombinant DNA Transgenic 11. Clone 12. sex-linked genes 13. Nondisjunction 14.DNA fingerprinting

Lesson 4 Chromosome Theory

What are Chromosomes Chromosomes are made of chromatin.
Chromatin is found in the nucleus of cells and is made of about 40% DNA and 60% Protein. The DNA of a chromosome is a very long, double stranded fiber that extends unbroken through the entire length of the chromosome. The amount of information a chromosome contains would fill about 280 printed books of 1000 pages each. Chromosomes come in different sizes.

The Number of Chromosomes
Most cells in different organisms have between 10 to 50 chromosomes in their nucleus. Humans have 46, which consists of 23 pairs. Each chromosome in a pair is nearly identical to the other chromosome in the pair. Humans that have even one missing or one extra chromosome usually die before birth or have serious defects. Down Syndrome happens when a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome number 21.

The Number of Chromosomes in Different Organisms
Humans: 46 Dogs: 78 Silkworms: 56 Hamster: 44

DNA DNA was discovered in 1869 by a German chemist named Friedrich Miescher. In 1953, two scientists, James Watson and Francis Crick put together the information discovered by many scientists over the years and came up with the structure of the DNA molecule as a “double helix.” (helix means spiral)

The Structure of DNA The DNA molecule is made of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is made of 3 smaller molecules: a sugar, a phosphate, a nitrogen base. There are 4 different nitrogen bases in a DNA molecule: Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T)

Nitrogen Bases of the DNA
Each nitrogen base of a DNA molecule forms a pair with only one other nitrogen base: Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) always pairs with Guanine (G)

Genes and DNA The sequence of 3 nucleotides on the DNA molecule code for the production of a specific amino acid, the building block of proteins. The genetic code is the same in almost all organisms. Humans have 60,000 genes. The chromosome theory states that when the DNA that makes up chromosomes is transferred from parents to offspring, the information encoded in the genes is also transferred. code for one amino acid

Review 1.What are chromosomes made of?
2.Explain the number of chromosomes in different organisms. 3.Why is a DNA molecule called a double helix? 4.What are nucleotides? 5.How do nitrogen bases in the DNA molecule pair up with each other? 6.What is a gene?

Protein Production

Proteins Proteins are the tools of heredity.
Cells use the information in their DNA to produce particular proteins. Proteins affect what the cells will be like: You will have arms rather than fins. You will have two eyes rather than three. You will have hair rather than feathers.

Genes are Codes for Proteins
The sequence of 3 nucleotides on the DNA molecule code for the production of a specific amino acid, the building block of proteins. Nucleotide Hundreds or millions of these three-nucleotide codes make up a gene, that is the code for a specific protein. Each three nucleotides code for one amino acid (protein building block) DNA

RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
One type of RNA is like the messenger that takes the genetic information from the DNA inside the nucleus to the Ribosome inside the cytoplasm. Proteins are made on ribosomes in the cytoplasm using information from RNA. There are three types of RNA.

Three types of RNA mRNA (Messenger RNA): Get genetic information from the DNA and take it to the ribosome. On the ribosome, this information determines the types of amino acids that are needed to make proteins. rRNA (Ribosomal RNA): The site where proteins are put together. Ribosomes are made mostly of rRNA. tRNA (Transfer RNA): Carry specific amino acids to the ribosome where they are put together to make proteins.

Protein Production

Use any extra time to STUDY for your test!
10/21/10 Do-Now Take out your review sheet answers to be checked. Red eyes (R) & short wings (S) are dominant over white eyes & long wings. Complete the Punnett squares showing geno-/ phenotypes. Rr x Rr SS x ss RrSs x RRss Use any extra time to STUDY for your test!

Week 9 Vocab Ideo-Idea Idios-one’s own Im-not Legis-law Lexis-word
Liber-free/book Locus-place Mania-obsession Meter-measure Mitto-send

3/16/12- Take out EOCT p 7-8 Do-Now:
COPY & ANSWER on a clean sheet of paper. How do you think you did on the genetics test? How long did you study outside of class? Did you complete the review sheet? What could YOU do to improve your grade? What could we do to help you? **Write down what you did on your Do Now sheet*

3/16/12- Father foot death few name city after carry around love
Do-Now: Match the term to its meaning. Mortis Nomen Olig Pater Ped Peri Philo Polis Porto Post Father foot death few name city after carry around love

Week 11 Vocab Pedo – child Phobia – fear Phon – sound Photo – light
Plac – please Plu – More Pneuma – breath Pop – people Prim- first Psych – mind/soul

Define the following 14 terms.
12-4 Mutations Frameshift Mutations Point Mutations Polyploidy 13-1 5. Selective Breeding 13-2 6. Genetic Engineering 7. Restriction Enzyme 8. Gel Electrophoresis 9. Recombinant DNA Transgenic 11. Clone Sex-Linked Gene 13. Nondisjunction DNA Fingerprinting

T. H. Morgan determined that…
Males are XY and females are XX Genes may be found on sex chromosomes…SEX LINKED Genes on an X chromosome are X-LINKED. Genes on a Y chromosome are Y-LINKED. Eye color in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) is X-Linked. Only male fruit flies have white eyes.

Sex-linked Traits Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes
Example: fruit flies (red-eyed male) X (white-eyed female)

Sex-linked Traits Xr XR y Example: fruit flies
(red-eyed male) X (white-eyed female) Remember: the Y chromosome in males does not carry traits. RR = red eyed Rr = red eyed rr = white eyed Xy = male XX = female Xr XR y

Sex-linked Traits Xr XR y XR Xr Xr y 1/2 red eyed and female
1/2 white eyed and male

Sex linked traits Examples of sex linked traits are
1. Blood clotting factor – this factor is located on the X chromosome and the dominant allele allows your blood to clot normally. The recessive form does not allow your blood to clot. Two recessive alleles causes the disease hemophilia. Boys are more likely to get the disease because they only have one X.

PEDIGREES are used to map out the inheritance patterns of a trait over several generations.

European Royal Families and Hemophilia
Queen Victoria

3/19/12-Take out your Pedigree Handout from Friday (on back of Word Search).
Do Now: Using p. 353, answer question #1 AND #3 (only) in your do-now section. You may choose to write the questions with your answers or word your answers into complete sentences. Work on Pedigree if you didn’t

Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.

Hemophilia: A sex-linked disorder

2. Red-green color vision is another sex-linked trait
2. Red-green color vision is another sex-linked trait. The dominant allele allows you to see reds and greens. The recessive allele prevents seeing red or green. Boys are most often affected because of having only 1 X chromosome.

Pedigree for Colorblindness,
an X-linked Recessive Trait

3. DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY (MD)- weakens and destroys muscle tissue

Sex Influenced Traits Influenced by male or female sex hormones
Baldness

10/25/10 Pick up your book & set out your vocab flashcards to be checked before the bell rings. Do-Now: Read p (ch. 14-2) quietly to yourself.

3/19/12-Pick up your book. Do Now: Set out your vocab & the pedigree wkst. to be checked. Using p. 353, answer question #1 AND #3 (only) in your do-now section. You may choose to write the questions with your answers or word your answers into complete sentences.

MUTATIONS GERM CELL MUTATIONS-occur in gametes, passed on to offspring without affecting parent SOMATIC MUTATIONS-occur in body cells, not usually passed on to offspring

TUMORS Develop from rapid, uncontrolled cell division
If they are BENIGN, they rarely pose a threat to life. If they are MALIGNANT, they will destroy healthy tissues in the body (CANCER).

Cancer Types of cancer CARCINOMAS-grow in skin & liner tissues of body (lung & breast cancer) SARCOMAS-grow in muscle & bone LYMPHOMAS-grow in tissues that form blood cells (leukemia)

Causes of cancer… 1. CARCINOGENS-any substance that increases the risk of cancer (tobacco, chemicals, Xrays, UV light) MUTAGENS-agents that cause mutations to occur within a cell

2. ONCOGENES-a gene that causes cancer
3. VIRUSES-may have oncogenes or stimulate a cell’s oncogenes

LETHAL MUTATIONS cause death.

Read p. 340-348. Some of this is review for you
Read p Some of this is review for you. Answer #1AND #2 only in your classwork and homework section. Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.

10/12/11-PSAT Today If you are NOT taking the PSAT, take your seat. Before you leave today, you must turn in your Genetic Disorders & Genetic Technology Internet Activity Wksts. When you finish, any remaining time should be spent working on your Current Event Project.

3/20/12- Pass in any Genetic Disorders Internet Activities
3/20/12- Pass in any Genetic Disorders Internet Activities. Take out “Hooded Murder” Handout. Do-Now: Contrast germ & somatic cell mutations. Contrast benign & malignant tumors. List & describe the three main types of cancer. List 3 potential causes of cancer.

Chromosome Mutations…ch. 12…
1. DELETION-part of the chromosome is lost because it has broken off (permanently deleted)

Chromosome Mutations, cont.
2. INVERSION-a piece of the chromosome breaks off and reattaches to the same chromosome in a “flip-flopped” position

3. TRANSLOCATION-a piece of a chromosome breaks off and reattaches to another NONHOMOLOGOUS chromosome

4. NONDISJUNCTION-failure of a chromosome to separate from its homologue during meiosis *one gamete will receive an extra copy of a chromosome while the other gamete will not have the chromosome at all *DOWN SYNDROME (TRISOMY 21)-results in an extra copy of the 21st chromosome

Human Karyotype showing homologous chromosome pairs
This individual has inherited three copies of chromosome 21 and has a condition called Down syndrome.

Nondisjunction, cont. KLINEFELTER’S SYNDROME- (XXY)-feminine characteristics, mentally impaired, infertile TURNER’S SYNDROME- (XO)- female appearance, no sexual maturity, infertile

Reading Assignment Read p Review p

Complete the following:
P. 308 #1, 2, 4, 5 only P. 353 #2, 4 only Read p Some of this is review for you. Answer #1AND #2 only in your classwork and homework section. You may choose to write the questions & your answer OR write your answers using complete sentences. Read p. 252 about uncontrolled cell growth.

Laptop Activity Complete the Genetic Disorders activity.
When you have finished, shut down your laptop and return it to the TOP of the laptop cart. If you have nothing else to work on when you have finished with your assignment, PLEASE help me roll pennies!

3/21/12—Pass up Genetic Disorder or Genetic Technology Activities..
Do-Now: When part of a chromosome has been broken off and is permanently lost, ___has occurred. What is nondisjunction? List 3 disorders caused by nondisjunction. When a piece of a chromosome breaks off, flips upside down, & reattaches to the same chromosome, ____ has occurred. Define translocation.

Multiple Allele Traits- there are more than 2 alleles for each trait- so more phenotypes are possible Example: Blood type – Humans have 3 alleles A, B and O A person could have AA, AO, BB, B0, AB or OO as possible genotypes.

Possible Genotype Phenotype Produced
AA Type A BB Type B AB Type AB AO Type A BO Type B OO Type O

AO X BO O O O Phenotypes Type AB –25% Type A –25% Type B –25%
Type O –25% A AB AO O BO OO

Polygenic or Multiple factors – many genes control one trait
Example: skin color is controlled by 6 pairs of genes AA BB CC DD EE FF – would be the genotype of the darkest skin possible aa bb cc dd ee ff – would be the lightest skin Aa Bb cc DD Ee FF would be somewhere in between. \ It is possible to have all shades of skin from black to white Hair color and eye color are similar.

Fig , p. 186

Other Human Genetic Disorders
Cystic fibrosis-(CF)-difficulties with breathing and digestion Sickle cell anemia -forms sickle shaped RBCs because of a defective protein called hemoglobin, leads to lack of O2 & circulatory problems

Fig , p. 183

HUNINGTON’S DISEASE (HD)-forgetfulness, irritability, loss of muscle control, spasms, mental illness, death, a genetic marker has been identified

Pedigree for Huntington’s Disease,
an Autosomal Dominant Trait

Reading Assignment Read p. 273 Review p

10/28/10-Pick up your book. Do-Now: What is a multiple allele trait?
What is a polygenic trait? Blood type is an example of a ____ trait. Would you get tested for Huntington’s disease now if you had a family history of it? Why or why not?

GENETIC SCREENING Examination of a person’s genetic make-up
AMNIOCENTSIS-removes amniotic fluid to produce a karyotype CHORIONIC VILLI SAMPLING-tissue sample from between the uterus and placenta to produce karyotype Test for PKU (phenylketonuria)-body can’t metabolize phenyalinine causing brain damage

DNA Technology & Genetic Engineering
Used to improve Agriculture-fertilizers, foods, crops Medicine-pharmaceutical products and vaccines Forensics-DNA FINGERPRINTING (the pattern of bands made up of specific fragments from an individual’s DNA)

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT Determine the nucleotide sequence of the entire human genome Map the location of every gene on each chromosome Hoped to improve diagnoses, treatments, and develop cures for about 4,000 human genetic disorders

GENE THERAPY-can be used to treat genetic disorders by introducing a gene into a cell or by correcting a gene defect GENETIC COUNSELING-form of medical guidance that informs parents about problems that could affect their offspring

Reading Assignment Read p &

What do you think? 1. What about the ethical issues of using the HGP?
2. Is cloning ethical? Stem cell research? 3. Could we be playing “God?” 4. Could health insurance companies deny policies for those programmed to get diseases?

3/22/12- You need a pencil. Take out your review sheet/answers.
Do-Now: When cancerous cells break away from the tumor and spread throughout the body, __ has occurred. By studying a __, a genetic counselor can study how a trait was inherited over several generations. How is a mutagen different from a mutation? Why is so much research being done on mitosis to find a cure for cancer? A __ is a gene that may cause a cell to become cancerous.

3/23/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions on a clean piece of paper. How do you think you did on the cell division test? How long did you study for it (out of class)? Did you fully complete the 2 review sheets? What could YOU do to improve your grade? What could I do to help you?

CURRENT EVENT PROJECT DUE TOMORROW!!!!!
11/1/10-Pick up your book. Do-Now: Contrast somatic & germ cell mutations. A diagram that shows several generations of a family & the occurrence of a trait is a ___. People with Down syndrome have __ chromosomes. How could a karyotype determine if someone has Down syndrome? Do human clones exist? Why or why not? Contrast benign & malignant tumor. CURRENT EVENT PROJECT DUE TOMORROW!!!!! A lack of planning on your part does not constitute an emergency on mine. It should be printed BEFORE you arrive & is due when the last bell rings.

3/2/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.

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3/2/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions.

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Presentation on theme: "3/2/12- Do-Now: Copy AND answer the questions."— Presentation transcript:

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