1. Chapter 15 Population, Urbanization, and Environment

2. Demography The study of human population –Fertility –Mortality –Migration

3. Fertility The incidence of childbearing in a society’s population –Crude birth rate – the number of live births in a given year for every thousand people in a population

4. Mortality The incidence of death in a society’s population –Crude death rate – the number of deaths in a given year for every thousand people in a population –Infant mortality rate – number of deaths among infants under 1 year of age for every thousand live births in a given year –Life expectancy – the average life span of a society’s population

5. Migration The movement of people into and out of a specified territory Immigration – movement into a territory Emigration – movement out of a territory Net-migration – the difference between the immigration and emigration rate

6. Population Population growth – over 6 billion people on the planet Zero population growth – level of reproduction that maintains population at a steady rate

7. Malthusian Theory Rapid population growth leads to social chaos Population increases exponentially (1,2,4,8,16, etc) while food increases arithmetically (1,2,3,4), leading to catastrophic starvation Why not? –Industrial revolution –Agricultural technology

8. Demographic Transition Population patterns reflect a society’s level of technological development –Stage 1 – pre-industrial – high birth, high death –Stage 2 – onset of industrial – high birth, lower death –Stage 3 – industrial – declining birth, low death –Stage 4 – postindustrial – low birth, steady death

9. Urbanization The concentration of humanity into cities –Gemeinschaft – type of social organization by which people are bound closely together by kinship and tradition –Gesellschaft – type of social organization by which people have weak social ties and considerable self-interest

10. Ecology The study of the interaction of living organisms and the natural environment –Natural environment – consists of the earth’s surface and atmosphere, including various living organisms and their natural environment –Ecosystem – the system composed of the interaction of all living organisms and their natural environment

11. Environment Deficit and Concerns Profound and negative harm to the natural environment, caused by humanity’s focus on short-term material affluence Concerns –Water supply, water pollution, air pollution, rainforests, etc.

12. Environmental Racism Pattern by which environmental hazards are greatest for poor people, especially minorities

13. Ecologically Sustainable Culture A way of life that meets the needs of the present generation without threatening the environmental legacy of future generations –Control population growth –Conserve finite resources –Reduce waste