1. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Colonial Society

2. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Learn about life on a colonial farm. Describe the roles of men, women, and children in colonial America. List the class differences that existed in colonial society. Objectives

3. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People extended family – a family that includes, in addition to the parents and their children, other members such as grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins apprentice – someone who learns a trade by working for someone in that trade for a certain period of time gentry – the upper class of colonial society

4. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Terms and People (continued) middle class – in colonial society, a class made up of small planters, independent farmers, and artisans indentured servant – someone who signed a contract to work from 4 to 10 years in the colonies for anyone who would pay for his or her ocean passage to the Americas

5. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. What were the characteristics of colonial society? People in England’s colonies had a heritage of political rights and other shared characteristics that created a unifying culture. Some of those shared characteristics included an emphasis on family, hard work, and clearly defined gender roles.

6. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In colonial America, many people lived with their extended families. Most colonists lived on farms, where having a large family was an advantage because many people were needed to do all the work. Most farms were isolated, so it was important for families to work well together.

7. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In farmhouses, which were made of wood and had few rooms, people used planks or mattresses of corncobs for beds. In the New England and Middle colonies, winters were cold, and often the only source of heat was a fireplace in the kitchen. If crops were poor, people might starve.

8. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many single people gathered in the colonies’ cities and towns, where it was easier for them to live. In Puritan New England, single men and women were expected to live with a family as a servant or a boarder. Single adults had to find ways to fend for themselves.

9. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In the colonies, men and women generally took on different roles. If men were not farmers, they worked as carpenters, coopers, butchers, wheelwrights, or in other trades. A husband and father was the leader of his family, and he controlled his family’s income and property.

10. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The lives of colonial women were different from the lives of American women today.

11. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. A colonial woman often had many children. As a result, childcare took up much of her time. Her other domestic responsibilities included cooking, laundry, making cloth and sewing clothes, gardening, tending animals, and preserving food.

12. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Other Roles of Women On FarmsA woman might help plow, pitch hay, or do other chores, especially if she lived on the western frontier. In TownsA woman might keep a shop or an inn or work as a baker, a printer, or even an undertaker. In Public Life Because they could not vote or hold office, women had little or no role in public life. But on the western and southern frontiers, once in a while, women participated in government in an advisory capacity.

13. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Many children did not survive infancy. Those who did spent their early years playing. Children often enjoyed games such as hopscotch and jump rope. Their toys included simple homemade dolls and tops.

14. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. By the age of seven, most children did household or farm chores, or, if they were poor, they might become servants in the homes of other families. When they got older, boys learned how to farm from their fathers, while girls learned housekeeping from their mothers. Boys who learned trades began as apprentices, and then worked independently.

15. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Europe, land was the main measure of wealth, but only a small number of people owned it. America had land in abundance, and many European colonists moved there because they hoped to own land of their own. Colonial children had more opportunities than many children in Europe.

16. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In Europe, there was not much movement among social and economic classes. But in colonial America, there was more social equality among settlers—at least among white settlers. Still, there were many class distinctions.

17. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Gentry Size of GroupThe gentry were few in number, but they were the most powerful people. OccupationsThe gentry included wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, royal officers, successful lawyers and often, prosperous artisans. LifestylePeople in this group often had luxurious homes filled with expensive furniture. Public OfficeBecause many official jobs paid no salary, few but the gentry could afford to hold office.

18. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The Middle Class Size of GroupThe great majority of European colonists were middle class and were neither rich nor poor. OccupationsMen in the middle class were independent farmers, and artisans. EthnicitiesThe middle class was mostly white, but some of its members were of African descent. Public OfficeMiddle-class white men could vote, and a few held public office.

19. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. The growth of the middle class gave the poor hope for their future and motivation to work harder. In this way, the colonies were different from England and the rest of Europe. In America, people could acquire property and move up in society. Even some of the very poorest found a way to improve their lives.

20. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Indentured Servants Countries of Origin In the 1600s, most indentured servants came from England. In the 1700s, a growing number came from Ireland and Germany. StatusIndentured servants and farmhands were just above enslaved Africans on America’s social ladder. RightsIndentured servants were bound to obey their masters, and they had few, if any, rights. Those who disobeyed could be whipped, or time might be added to their service.

21. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. At the end of a term, an indentured servant received clothes, tools, and 50 acres of land. About 1 indentured servant in 10 became a prosperous landowner, and another 1 in 10 became an artisan. The others either returned to their country of origin or joined a class of landless, poor whites. vv L A

22. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. In 1763 almost half of the colonial population came from Africa, but very few African Americans were free. During the first census in 1790, there were 60,000 free people of African ancestry and 757,000 enslaved people of African ancestry in the colonies.

23. TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas. Even in the South, free African Americans were allowed to own property, and they also could become slaveholders. But most African American property owners were not allowed to vote or sit on juries. These inequalities remained in place until after the Civil War (1861-1865). Some free blacks purchased enslaved relatives and set them free.