1. Class Outline Reminders : Quiz # 1 on Feb. 16 th Field Trip on Feb. 16 th to Bowen Park after quiz Level 1: review questions Level 2 Plant Uses Texture Form Zone (Hardiness) Plant List #3: Indoor Plants Review: Bingo

2. Quiz Date: Feb. 16 th Focus on Level 1 and Level 2 Plants There will be 10 plants to identify: Family Genus Species Cv Common name Landscape use(s) There will be 5 additional questions about morphology: leaf arrangement, common shapes and margins, flower and fruit types etc. Plus 5 questions on Level 1 E-1 (see review questions)

3. Level 2: Level 2: Identify Plants and Plant Requirements Identify plants used in all segments of horticulture. Identify plants suitable for planting in difficult situations. Objective: Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

4. Plant Use Bedding Plants: tender and half hardy annuals as well as biennials and sometimes perennials. Bedding plants are used to create seasonal colour in beds and containers. Cut Flowers: commercial flower industry or as cut flowers for gardens. Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

5. Plant Use Trees and Shrubs: live for more than two years. A single stem about 1.4 m high distinguishes trees from shrubs. Naturally multi-­‐stemmed woody plants, grown on a single stem, are called ‘standards’. Groundcovers: plants that have a low creeping habit. soil coverage in garden areas and effectively reduce soil erosion and compaction from overhead precipitation and weed growth. Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

6. Plant Use Climbers: woody (lianas) or herbaceous (vines) plants that climb over structures and plants. They are often used as vertical elements as walls in gardens. – Climbers have different means of securing themselves to the support structures, with growing adaptations like twining, attaching roots or tendrils. Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

7. Texture Texture refers to the overall visual fineness or coarseness of the plant. Plant texture is generally defined by the coarseness or fineness of the plant leaves and stems. The size of leaf, spacing between branches and foliage, length of petioles and leaf surface all affect the sense of texture. The amount of light that penetrates a leaf or tree can also be used to discern texture. Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

8. Form

9. Hardiness The ultimate deciding factor in whether a plant will survive in a garden in a given location (with adequate supplies of light, moisture and nutrients) is quite simply the lowest temperature it will have to endure. Currently, 2 hardiness zone systems are used in Canada: – United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) Generally used throughout the world – The Canada Plant Hardiness Zones, Agriculture Canada Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

10. Hardiness – United States Department of Agriculture (U.S.D.A.) – http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Default.a spx http://planthardiness.ars.usda.gov/PHZMWeb/Default.a spx – Vancouver Island zone 8 to 9 Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

11. Hardiness – The Canada Plant Hardiness Zones, Agriculture Canada – http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=1 http://www.planthardiness.gc.ca/?m=1 – Vancouver Island Zone 7 - 8 Source: Hort Education BC, E-1, Level Two

12. Chlorophytum comosum https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

13. Aloe vera https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

14. Yucca elephantipes https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

15. Peperomia obtusifolia https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

16. Ficus benjamina https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

17. Ficus elastica https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

18. Philodendron x https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

19. Monstera deliciosa (Tradescanthia zebrina) https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

20. Crassula ovata https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

21. Begonia x rex https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

22. Aeschynanthus spp. https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

28. Prunus lusitanica https://plantdatabase.kwantlen.ca/

45. Berberidaceae (Barberry) Scientific Name: Kingdom:Plantae - PlantsPlantae Subkingdom: Tracheobionta – Vascular plantsTracheobionta Superdivision: Spermatophyta – Seed plantsSpermatophyta Division: Magnoliophyta – Flowering plantsMagnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida – DicotyledonsMagnoliopsida Subclass: MagnoliidaeMagnoliidae Order: RanunculalesRanunculales Family: Berberidaceae – Barberry familyBerberidaceae Genus: Mahonia Species: M. nervoa, M. aquifolium

46. Ericaceae (Heath Family) Scientific Name: Kingdom: PlantaePlantae TracheophytaTracheophyta (vascular) SpermatophytaSpermatophyta (seed bearing) AngiospermaeAngiospermae (enclosed seeds) Class: Dicoteldonae (two seed-leaves)Dicoteldonae Family: Ericaceae (Gk. ereiko = to break; referring to the brittle wood) Genera: Andomeda Arctostaphylos Ledum Loiseleuria Oxycoccus Rhododendron Vaccinium Species: Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Gaultheria shallon, Vaccinium ovatum 'Thunderbird‘, Erica carnea, Calluna vulgaris

47. Pinaceae (Pine Family) Scientific Name: Kingdom: PlantaePlantae Divisions: Tracheophyta (vascular)Tracheophyta Spermatophyta (seed bearing)Spermatophyta Gymnospermae (naked seed)Gymnospermae Class: Coniferae (cone bearing) Family: Pinaceae (Pine Family) Genera: Pinus - pines (about 115 species) Picea - spruces (about 35 species) Cathaya (one species) Larix - larches (about 14 species) Pseudotsuga - douglas-firs (five species) Pseudolarix - golden larch (one species) Abies - firs (about 50 species) Cedrus - cedars (two to four species) Keteleeria (three species) Nothotsuga (one species) Tsuga - hemlock (nine species)PinusPiceaCathayaLarixPseudotsugaPseudolarixAbiesCedrusKeteleeriaNothotsugaTsuga Species: Tsuga heterphylla, Abies grandis, Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii

48. Cupressaceae (Cypress) Sc ientific Name: Kingdom: PlantaePlantae Divisions: TracheophytaTracheophyta (vascular) SpermatophytaSpermatophyta (seed bearing) GymnospermaeGymnospermae (naked seed) Class: Coniferae (cone bearing) Family: Cupressaceae (Cypress Family) Genera: Thuja, Juniperus Species: Thuja plicata English Name(s): Cypress Family, Cedar Family

49. Plant Morphology & Plant Identification Scientific Names  Ultimately based on fruit and flower characteristics However, we may also identify plants by: – Whole plant characteristics  type, form, branching habit, etc. – Leaf  form, arrangement, odor, petiole, margin, veination, texture etc. – Bark  color, texture, etc. – Bud  size, shape, number, etc.

50. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Bud - A compressed, undeveloped shoot. Buds may be lateral or terminal. Node - point on the stem where leaf or bud is borne. The space between two nodes is an internode Lenticel - a "breathing pore" in the skin or bark of a stem.

51. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Simple Leaf – Petiole - the stalk of a leaf a leaf without a petiole is sessile – Blade - the flat, expanded portion of the leaf

52. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Simple leaf – Stipule - flat, often leaf-like flap below a leaf. Not all leaves have stipules. Stipules can be highly modified into tendrils, spines, scales, ect. – Axillary bud - the bud in the axil - the angle between the leaf and stem.

53. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf arrangement – Alternate - leaves arranged one per node

54. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf arrangement – Opposite - leaves arranged two per node

55. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf arrangement – Whorled - arranged two or more per node

56. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf arrangement – Fascicled - leaves grouped in small, tight bundles

57. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Simple and compound leaves – Simple - the blade is all in one piece, though it may be lobed, toothed, etc. Helpful Hint: In trying to decide where a leaf begins, look for the axillary bud. Everything above the axillary bud is all one leaf.

58. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Simple and compound leaves – Compound - the blade is divided all the way to the midrib (rachis) into two or more pieces.

59. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Compound leaves – Once pinnately compound - leaflets arranged along one undivided main axis. (odd or even number of leaflets)

60. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Compound leaves – Twice pinnately compound - main axis (rachis) with two or more branches and the leaflets arranged along the branches. The branch divisions are primary leaflets and the ultimate divisions are secondary leaflets. There can also be thrice-pinnately compound leaves,etc.

61. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Compound leaves – Palmately compound - leaflets all arising from one point at the base of the leaf.

62. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf veination – Pinnate - with a main midvein and secondary veins arising from it at intervals

63. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf veination – Palmate - with the main veins all arising from one point at the base of the leaf.

64. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf veination – Parallel - with all the main veins parallel (usually also parallel to the sides of the leaf.)

65. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf veination – Dichotomous - with each vein branching in two again and again (e.g. Ginkgo)

66. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf lobing – Pinnately lobed - with the lobes arising along the length of the mid-line of the leaf. – Palmately lobed - with the lobes all arising from one point at the base of the leaf.

67. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf shapes – Ovate - egg-shaped with the larger end at the bottom. Elliptic - shaped like an ellipse, tapered at both ends and with curved sides.

68. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf shapes – Oblong - tapered to both ends, but with the sides more or less parallel. Lanceolate - shaped like the tip of a lance, broadest at the base and tapered to a long point.

69. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf shapes – Linear - very long and thin, with the sides parallel Cordate - heart- shaped with the wide part at the bottom

70. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Entire - smooth, with no teeth or lobes

71. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Serrate - with sharp, forward- pointing teeth

72. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Doubly serrate - with teeth which have smaller teeth on them

73. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Serrulate - with very tiny sharp teeth

74. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Dentate - with teeth which point outwards

75. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Crenate - with low, rounded scallop-like teeth

76. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Undulate - waving up and down

77. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Revolute - turned under

78. Plant Morphology - Plant Identification Leaf margins – Lobed, parted, divided, cut, etc. - A number of terms describe the various degrees of lobing.