1. Chapter 22, Section Chapter 22 South Asia and the Middle East 1945–Present Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era

2. Chapter 22, Section Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. Chapter 22: South Asia and the Middle East 1945–Present Section 1: Nations of South Asia Section 2: Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East Section 3: Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies Section 4: The Middle East and the World World History: Connection to Today, Modern Era

3. Chapter 22, Section Nations of South Asia Why was India partitioned? How has India dealt with political, economic, and social change? What problems did Pakistan and Bangladesh face? How is South Asia linked to world affairs? 1

4. Chapter 22, Section Why Was India Partitioned? After World War II, Britain finally agreed to Indian demand for independence. Muslims insisted on their own state, Pakistan. Riots between Hindus and Muslims persuaded Britain to partition, or divide, the subcontinent. In 1947, British officials created Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. As Hindus and Muslims crossed the borders, violence erupted in Northern India. Ten million refugees fled their homes. At least a million people, including Mohandas Gandhi, were killed. Even after the worst violence ended, Hindu-Muslim tensions persisted. 1

5. Chapter 22, Section Partition of India, 1947 1

6. Chapter 22, Section Cause and Effect: Partition of India 1 Muslim conquest of northern India in 1100s British imperialism in India Nationalists organize the Indian National Congress in 1885 Muslim nationalists form separate Muslim League in 1906 Long-Term Causes World War II weakens European colonial empires Pressure from Indian nationalists increases Insistence by Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the Muslim League that Muslims have their own state Rioting between Hindus and Muslims throughout northern India Short-Term Causes Violence erupts as millions of Hindus and Muslims cross the border between India and Pakistan Gandhi is assassinated by Hindu extremists India and Pakistan become centers of Cold War rivalry Establishment of the state of Bangladesh Effects Continuing clash between India and Pakistan over Kashmir Nuclear arms race as both India and Pakistan refuse to sign Non-Proliferation Treaty Connections To Today

7. Chapter 22, Section Urbanization undermined some traditions, but most Indians continued to live in villages. The government tried to end discrimination based on caste. However, deep prejudice continued. India adopted a socialist model to expand agriculture and industry. Rapid population growth hurt efforts to improve living conditions. An economic slowdown forced India to privatize some industries and make foreign investment easier. India’s constitution set up a federal system. For 40 years after independence, the Nehru family led India. India’s size and diversity have contributed to religious and regional divisions. Today, India is the world’s largest democratic nation. SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLITICAL India: Political, Economic, and Social Change 1

8. Chapter 22, Section Pakistan and Bangladesh After independence, military leaders seized power and ruled as dictators. When civilian leaders were finally elected, the military continued to intervene. The country lacked natural resources for industry. Ethnic rivalries fueled conflicts. Severe economic problems and corruption plagued the government. Forty percent of the nation’s budget goes to repaying foreign debt. In 1971, Bengalis declared independence for Bangladesh. Geography has made it difficult to rise out of poverty. Explosive population growth has further strained resources. Since the early 1990s, civilian governments have worked to encourage foreign investments. PAKISTAN BANGLADESH 1

9. Chapter 22, Section How is South Asia Linked to World Affairs? India and Pakistan achieved their independence as the Cold War began. Pakistan accepted military aid from the United States, while India signed a treaty of friendship with the Soviet Union. When the Cold War ended, both India and Pakistan sought aid from the western powers. Regional conflicts bred global concern after both India and Pakistan acquired nuclear weapons. 1

10. Chapter 22, Section Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India? a) British imperialism in India b) World War II c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh d) the organization of the Indian National Congress Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after independence? a) lack of natural resources b) government corruption c) ethnic tensions d) failed socialist economic policies Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here! Section 1 Assessment 1

11. Chapter 22, Section Section 1 Assessment 1 Which of the following was an effect of the partition of India? a) British imperialism in India b) World War II c) establishment of the state of Bangladesh d) the organization of the Indian National Congress Which of the following was not a challenge facing Pakistan after independence? a) lack of natural resources b) government corruption c) ethnic tensions d) failed socialist economic policies Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here!

12. Chapter 22, Section Forces Shaping the Modern Middle East How have diversity and nationalism shaped the Middle East? What political and economic patterns have emerged? Why has an Islamic revival spread across the region? How do women’s lives vary in the Middle East? 2

13. Chapter 22, Section Diversity and Nationalism Most people in the Middle East today are Muslims, but Jews and Christians still live there. Middle Eastern people speak more than 30 different languages. Every country is home to minority groups. Muslims share the same faith but belong to different national groups. Often, such differences have created divisions. After World War I, Arab nationalists opposed the mandate system that placed Arab territories under European control. The Pan-Arab dream of a united Arab state foundered, but the Arab League continued to promote Arab solidarity. DIVERSITY NATIONALISM 2

14. Chapter 22, Section Political and Economic Patterns Some nations turned to socialism to end foreign economic control and modernize rapidly. To get capital, governments took foreign loans. Heavy borrowing left many nations deeply in debt. Most of the region has limited rainfall. Oil-rich countries have built desalinization plants. Individual nations have built dams to supply water. Nations must seek ways to use water cooperatively. Oil-rich nations built roads, hospitals, and schools. Poorer countries lacked the capital needed for development. Most Middle Eastern nations developed authoritarian governments. GOVERNMENT WATER OIL ECONOMICS 2

15. Chapter 22, Section World Crude Oil Production 2

16. Chapter 22, Section Water Resources in the Middle East 2

17. Chapter 22, Section Islamic Revival For more than 1,300 years, the Quran and Sharia provided guidance on all aspects of life. During the Age of Imperialism, westerners urged Muslim nations to modernize and to adopt western forms of secular government and law. Some Middle Eastern leaders adopted western models of development, promising economic progress and social justice. By the 1970s, in the face of failed development and repressive regimes, many Muslim leaders called for a return to Sharia. Islamic reformers, called fundamentalists by the West, did not reject modernization, but they did reject westernization. 2

18. Chapter 22, Section Women in the Muslim World Conditions for women vary greatly from country to country in the modern Middle East. Since the 1950s, women in most countries have won voting rights and equality before the law. In other countries, though, laws and traditions emerged that limited women’s right to vote, work, or even drive cars. The changes have taken place at different rates in different places: In Turkey, Syria, and Egypt, many urban women gave up long-held practices such as wearing hejab, or cover. Conservative countries like Saudi Arabia and Iran have opposed the spread of western secular influences among women. 2

19. Chapter 22, Section In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent b) 100 percent c) 61 percent d) 59 percent Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization. b) westernization. c) desalinization. d) Pan-Arabism. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here! Section 2 Assessment 2

20. Chapter 22, Section Section 2 Assessment 2 In 1995, what percentage of crude oil was produced by OPEC nations? a) 10 percent b) 100 percent c) 61 percent d) 59 percent Islamic fundamentalists largely rejected a) modernization. b) westernization. c) desalinization. d) Pan-Arabism. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here!

21. Chapter 22, Section Nation Building in the Middle East: Three Case Studies What issues has Turkey faced? Why was Egypt a leader in the Arab world? What were the causes and results of the revolution in Iran? 3

22. Chapter 22, Section What Issues Has Turkey Faced? At the beginning of the Cold War, the Soviets tried to expand southward into Turkey. Turkey struggled to build a stable government. Modernization and urbanization brought social turmoil. In 1999, a series of powerful earthquakes shook western Turkey, including major industrial areas. Kurdish nationalists fought for autonomy. Turkey waged a long struggle over Cyprus. Turkey was divided politically, with secular politicians on one side and Islamic reformers on the other. 3

23. Chapter 22, Section Egypt: A Leader in the Arab World In the 1950s, Gamal Abdel Nasser set out to modernize Egypt and end western domination. He: nationalized the Suez Canal led two wars against Israel employed socialist economic policies, which had limited success built the Aswan High Dam Anwar Sadat came to power in the 1970s. He: opened Egypt to foreign investment and private business became the first Arab leader to make peace with Israel Sadat’s successor, Hosni Mubarak: reaffirmed the peace with Israel mended fences with his Arab neighbors faced serious domestic problems 3

24. Chapter 22, Section Iran’s Ongoing Revolution Because of its vast oil fields, Iran became a focus of western interests. In 1945, western powers backed Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi, despite opposition from Iranian nationalists. In the 1970s, the shah’s enemies rallied behind Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who condemned western influences and accused the shah of violating Islamic law. The shah was forced into exile and Khomeini’s supporters proclaimed an Islamic Republic. Revolutionaries bitterly denounced the West. They attacked corruption, replaced secular courts with religious ones, dismantled women’s rights, and banned everything western. While, at first, they allowed some open discussion, before long they were suppressing opponents. 3

25. Chapter 22, Section Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey b) Iran c) Iraq d) Egypt Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here! Section 3 Assessment 3

26. Chapter 22, Section Section 3 Assessment 3 Which nation fought a long struggle over Cyprus? a) Turkey b) Iran c) Iraq d) Egypt Who nationalized the Suez Canal? a) Hosni Mubarak b) Anwar Sadat c) Gamal Abdel Nasser d) Ayatollah Khomeini Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here!

27. Chapter 22, Section The Middle East and the World How did the Cold War increase tensions in the Middle East? Why has the Arab-Israeli conflict been difficult to resolve? Why did conflicts arise in Lebanon and the Persian Gulf? 4

28. Chapter 22, Section The Cold War and the Middle East In their global rivalry, each of the superpowers tried to line up allies in the Middle East. Each superpower sold arms to its ally in the region. In the Arab-Israeli conflict, the United States helped Israel, while the Soviet Union gave aid to the Arabs. During and after the Cold War, the development of weapons of mass destruction in the Middle East became a global concern. During the Cold War, both the United States and the Soviet Union sought access to the oil and waterways of the Middle East. Superpower rivalries had a far-reaching impact on the region. 4

29. Chapter 22, Section Arab-Israeli Issues Palestinians demanded the right to return to lands they fled during the Arab Israeli wars. Many Israelis insisted on the survival of Israeli settlements that had been built on these occupied lands. Palestinians demanded that part of Jerusalem become the capital of a future Palestinian nation. Israeli conservatives insisted that Jerusalem remain undivided as the capital of Israel. After years of fighting and negotiations, peace in Israel remains an elusive goal. A number of specific issues continue to divide the two sides. 4

30. Chapter 22, Section Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1948 – 1995 4

31. Chapter 22, Section Civil War in Lebanon The Muslim population began to increase, disturbing the balance among Maronites (a Christian sect) and Sunni and Shiite Muslims. This led to unrest. Palestinian refugees entering Lebanon from occupied territories strained resources. PLO guerrillas in refugee camps in Lebanon crossed into Israel to attack civilian and military targets. In 1975, Lebanon was plunged into seemingly endless civil war. Christian and Muslim militias battled for control of Beirut, the capital city. Israel invaded the south, while Syria occupied eastern Lebanon. By 1990, Lebanese leaders finally restored some measure of order. In the 1970s, the Arab-Israeli conflict fueled tensions in nearby Lebanon. 4

32. Chapter 22, Section Wars in the Persian Gulf Border disputes, oil wealth, foreign intervention, and ambitious rulers fed tensions along the Persian Gulf. In 1980, Iraqi dictator, Saddam Hussein invaded Iran. The resulting war dragged on for eight years, ending in a stalemate. For both nations, the human and economic toll was enormous. In 1990, Iraqi troops invaded the oil-rich nation of Kuwait. In the Gulf War, the United States organized a coalition of American, European, and Arab powers to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. 4

33. Chapter 22, Section Wars in the Persian Gulf, 1980 – 1991 4

34. Chapter 22, Section Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait. b) Iran. c) Israel. d) Lebanon. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here! 4 Section 4 Assessment

35. Chapter 22, Section 4 Which region was granted limited self-rule in 1994? a) Jerusalem b) the Sinai Peninsula c) the Golan Heights d) the Gaza Strip In 1980, Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invaded a) Kuwait. b) Iran. c) Israel. d) Lebanon. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here! Click Here! Section 4 Assessment