1. Logo Add Your Company Slogan A field evaluation of driver eye and head movement strategies toward environmental targets and distracters Professor: Liu Student: Ruby

2. Logo Objective To evaluate driver visual and perceptual strategies at left turn intersection. This study might indicate: The driver failed to looked at one or more targets. There are many targets that a main target is never found. The driver noticed a competing distraction rather than the main target. Targets are not noticed in time to avoid collision.

3. Logo References A significantly higher percentage of fatal accidents occur with motorcycles compared with automobiles. Motorcycles comprise 2.9% of total vehicle registrations but were involved in 7.9% of the fatal accidents. (National Safety Council, 1987) Automobile driver’s invasion of the motorcyclist’s right of way was the main cause of the accidents. (Hancock et al, 1986)

4. Logo References Time to arrivals of more than 3 seconds are impossible to evaluate accurately, but these dynamic targets must be evaluated neither too soon nor too late. (Schiff and Oldak, 1990) The vehicle driver is a continuous process f spatial-temporal perception, identification and decision making. (Wulf et al, 1989)

5. Logo Methodology Scenario development and staging There are two intersections were chosen for comparison, which are busy and quiet. The busy intersection need more visual activity, and driver’s eye could be distracted more often by not important targets than quiet one.

6. Logo Methodology Environmental analysis There are two parts in the environmental analysis. The intersections are photographed and evaluated for static targets and distracters. The potential targets and distracters in the scene can be categorized. The evaluation of dynamic distracters. Including changing lights, passing cars, pedestrians and other moving targets or distracters. busy quiet

7. Logo A list for an environmental target/distracter inventory

8. Logo Methodology Collection of eye/head information in the field Head movement and location gives a indication of where the driver is looking. At this paper, authors direct recoding of eye location by a high speed head-mounted video camera and an mirror. Head movements are measured by recording movements of the head mirror and matching them by a roof mounted camera.

9. Logo Methodology Video editing and data extraction Static objects are identified from picture starting, capture a field of view close to the human eye. Dynamic objects are identified from video since they move in and out of a scene.

10. Logo An experiment Subject & method On experienced driver, was 33 years old man. In order to take video more easily, selected driver had light blue eyes. Have to wear the special head mounted vide camera. To drive 40 left turns between quiet and busy intersection. The data analysis was restricted to two driver activities: approach to each intersection form a pre- established lane and executing a left turn.

11. Logo An experiment Apparatus A Sony model DXC-3000. A head camera was a Canon Ci-10 Charge Couple Device (CCD) color video camera. A small Sony color monitor, which used to check the operation of each camera and the initial procedures. The distance between the centre of the mirror and the driver’s bridge of the nose was 254 mm.

12. Logo Results –Environmental analysis

13. Logo Results The quiet intersection has lane occlusion on the right. The busy intersection has many dynamic and static distracters.

14. Logo Results Head movements The busy intersection has a straight ahead toward left (SATL). The quiet intersection has a left-right-left turning (LRL). 17/20 LRL were observed (P<0.0013) All 20 trials from the busy intersection resulted in the SATL. An increased frequency of eye movements was observed during ‘on stage’ at the busy intersection.

15. Logo Results Eye movement frequencies The frequency of eye movements at the busy intersection was found to be double that for the quiet intersection (t=3.25,p=0.0042).

16. Logo Discussion and conclusions The quiet intersection is searched systematically with a combination of eye and head movements. The busy intersection contains potential for information overload. Giving a relatively stationary head toward left type with frequent and rapid eye movement activity to the visual field.

17. Logo Discussion and conclusions Targets and distracters are identified firstly by means of quickly eye movements. The authors provided an interesting application will be to evaluate individual differences between younger and older or between impaired and unimpaired drivers.