1. Music of Africa and the Middle East A Cultural Legacy

2. Music in the Life of Sub-Saharan Africa It is an essential part of everyday life Rhythm-based, even when played on melodic instruments Besides entertainment music plays a role in… – Religious rituals – Motivation for manual labor – Teaches children through fables – Empowers dance ceremonies – Recording historical events and geneology

3. Musical Complexity Extremely complex, whether in melody or rhythm – Not unusual for a musician to play as many as three melodies on an instrument…and sing a fourth! – Each player may play a different rhythm, with different accents This is called polyrhythm

4. Dance Dance is a fundamental part of African society – Far more important than in western society – May be used to show grief at a funeral – Concert-goers may get up on stage and dance to show appreciation

5. Uganda “Akaliba Kange” – By James Makubuya Ensemble In this traditional song from Uganda, a brother warns his sisters to stop playing tricks on him by hiding his dancing clothes. Response: – How would you describe the structure of this song? How do the different parts of the song interact?

6. Roles in musical ensembles Men and boys Drums and melodic instruments Women and girls Percussion instruments like rattles and scrapers Often layer precise hand clapping Respected for singing abilities – Women often perform at festive and ceremonial events

7. Improvisation Performing without preparation – Both for percussion and melodic instruments – Lead performer often gives the signals – Often lyrics may be improvised to make special note of people in the audience

8. Oral Tradition Musicians do not learn by reading written music nor practicing scales – Practice together in family groups – Often born into “griot” families Originally, griots were historians to kings in West African courts

9. Gambia “Improvisation” – By Yan Kuba Saho This is a short excerpt of an improvised song played on the Kora, a 21 string harp from West Africa Response: – When we think of Africa we, often call to mind drums and percussion, yet the instrument used to play this piece is a harp. How would you say the technique of playing this African Harp differs from the sound of a harp you would hear in a symphony orchestra

10. Drums Wide variety Often use call-and- response Talking drum – Pressure on strings causes tighter skins and higher pitches – Combinations can be used to communicate

11. Ghana “ Osoleo” – By Obo Addy and Kukruda This melody has been adapted from a traditional Ghanaian children’s song. It combines African talking drums and vocals with a contemporary electric flavor Response: 1.Why might the beginning of this song sound familiar to you? 2.What characteristics point to the fact that this song is from another land, specifically Africa?

12. Other Instruments Flutes, panpipes, ocarinas, whistles, nose flutes Wind instruments in regions with Islamic traditions Trumpets and horns – Animal horn, wood, or dried gourds Wooden xylophone – Balafon Stringed instruments – Lyres Early East African krars and ndongos are probably models for the American banjo – Harps Kora Mbira – thumb piano

13. Ethiopia “Babure” – By Seleshe Damessae This song blends a traditional krar (an ancient lyre from Ethiopia) with a modern feeling and singing style. Response: 1.Which parts of this song are “catchy” and easy to remember? 2.Do you think the musician is strumming the strings with a piece of wood or with his fingers? Explain your answer.

14. African Music today Most Africans are familiar with American and European popular musicians Western instruments are common in African popular music – Though traditional instrument s continue to be important

15. Nigeria “Omoge Super” – By I.K. Dairo and his Blue Spots This is a song about a man who wants to be married to his girlfriend. He is ready to pay a dowry for this beautiful woman. Response: 1.One of the main instruments in this song is the accordion. How do you think the accordion became popular in Nigeria? 2.Which European nation colonized Nigeria?

16. Music of North Africa and the Middle East Many ethnic, religious, and linguistic groups – Arabic, Persian and Turkish predominate Arabs (A.D. 750-1250) and Turks (A.D. 1325-1918) have ruled large Empires in this region Islamic culture predominates – Berbers, Kurds and others exist as minorities Outside influences – Central Asia, India and Europe

17. Melody Each melody is based on a melodic mode. – In Arab and Turkish tradition maqam (makam) – In Persian system dastgah – There are hundreds; a good musician is expected to master at least 20. Unlike our 12-note scale, the maqams have 17. – This gives notes between the white and black keys – These pitches are called semitones or microtones and are a notable characteristic of the Region’s music. – Makes music seem more expressive No use of harmony

18. Turkey “Kurdili Hicaskar Fasli” – By Necdet Yasar Ensemble This is a Turkish musical form called fasil. The piece itself is more than 20 minutes long and features a singer and a full orchestra Response: 1.As soon as the singer begins, do the other instruments play different notes or the same notes as the singer? 2.Is there any harmony in this piece or do all instrument basically play the same melody in unison?

19. Rhythm A complex system of cycles incorporating combinations of strong and weak beats – In Western music, it is common to have the first beat strong and the rest weak. – In Middle Eastern Music, you might group a eight beat bar into 3+3+2, 4+4, or 2+4+2 pattern with the first beat of each group strong – Uneven patterns lead to an exciting flavor and propels the music forward

20. Armenia “Tamzara” – By The Ara Topouzian Ensemble This song is a modern variation of a traditional dance melody from Armenia. Response: 1.A common rhythm in Western music has eight beats. This song has a different number of beats, however. If you lightly tap the beat in steady intervals, occasionally one of your taps will “miss” the beat. How many beats do you think this song has? 2.At the end of the song, after all the instruments finish playing the song together, what does the lone clarinet do?

21. Instruments Fretless stringed instruments are common to produce the semitones – Oud (‘ud) has a pear-shaped body with up to 10 strings Angled neck Played with a feather quill or plectrum of bone, horn, or wood – Sintir (gnibri) is descended from ancient Egypt. – Lutes such as the saz from Turkey and the setar of Iran have long slender necks and produce a light buzzing sound – A zither is a flat stringed instrument with as many as 30 strings – Others-kanoon and santur Drums – Dumbek (tombak) metal or ceramic body for sharp sound – Wide range of tambourine- like instruments and finger cymbals Nay-an end-blown flute with a very breathy tone

22. Morocco “Wa yay yay Saadiya” – By Hassan Hakmoun This is a traditional song used in religious ceremonies. The main instrument is a sintir, a three-stringed, skin faced lute Response: – Listen to the entire song. The bass-like instrument you hear is the sintir. What other sound can you identify, and what is producing them?

23. Instruments

24. Iran “Neyriz” – By Jalal and Soheil Zolfonun Neyriz is a traditional song from Iran Response: 1.How many instruments do you hear playing? 2.Notice that there are short passages of silence in this piece. Describe in your own words, the effect this silence has on the listener and on the song.

25. Middle Eastern Music Today In the Arab world, large orchestras may combine traditional and Western classical instruments Western pop and rock have influenced younger generation to help bring about new fusions. – Rai- a popular contemporary form in North Africa

26. Israel “Trance” – By Yair Dalal and the Al Ol Ensemble This is a mixture of Jewish and Arabic music, based on a Turkish folk tune in which clarinet improvisation is dominant. Response: – We know that in music of North Africa and the Middle East there are generally no chords. While the clarinet is playing his solo, all the other instruments are playing a drone of a single note. In your own words, what kind of effect dos this have on the music and the listener?