1. APUSH – UNIT 2 CHAPTERS 6-9 Duel for North America War for American Independence Building a New Nation

2. France and the Clash of Empires Pages 105-111 French colonial goals and issues –Comparisons to England and Spain Impacts of the Peace of Utrecht World Wars and the Americas

4. Beaver Felt Hats

7. French and Indian War Pages 111-119 Causes Key Events Key Individuals Outcomes Impact on the Colonists

9. Albany Plan It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act, as hereafter follows. 1. That the said general government be administered by a President-General, to be appointed and supported by the crown; and a Grand Council, to be chosen by the representatives of the people of the several Colonies met in their respective assemblies. 5. That after the first three years, when the proportion of money arising out of each Colony to the general treasury can be known, the number of members to be chosen for each Colony shall, from time to time, in all ensuing elections, be regulated by that proportion, yet so as that the number to be chosen by any one Province be not more than seven, nor less than two.

10. Albany Plan (Con’t) 9. That the assent of the President-General be requisite to all acts of the Grand Council, and that it be his office and duty to cause them to be carried into execution. 14. That they make laws for regulating and governing such new settlements, till the crown shall think fit to form them into particular governments. 15. That they raise and pay soldiers and build forts for the defence of any of the Colonies, and equip vessels of force to guard the coasts and protect the trade on the ocean, lakes, or great rivers; but they shall not impress men in any Colony, without the consent of the Legislature.

11. Albany Plan (Con’t) 16. That for these purposes they have power to make laws, and lay and levy such general duties, imposts, or taxes, as to them shall appear most equal and just (considering the ability and other circumstances of the inhabitants in the several Colonies), and such as may be collected with the least inconvenience to the people; rather discouraging luxury, than loading industry with unnecessary burdens. 22. That, in case of the death of the President- General, the Speaker of the Grand Council for the time being shall succeed, and be vested with the same powers and authorities, to continue till the King's pleasure be known.

13. Mercantilism Pages 121-125 Theory –Adam Smith’s opinion? Role of the Navigation Laws “Prosperity trickles down?” Economic bondage?

14. Adam Smith Big Daddy of Economics “To prohibit a great people, however, from making all that they can of every part of their own produce, or from employing their stock and industry in the way that they judge most advantageous to themselves, is a manifest violation of the most sacred rights of mankind.”

15. Which one is the colonist?

16. Opening Paragraphs Write an opening paragraph < 7 minutes Remember: –What is the question asking? B.T.O. –Background –Thesis – central theme –Organization – How will the essay go?

17. Essay Question To what extent was British mercantilist policy responsible for the economic success of the colonies? –What does the question ask for? –How would you start your response?

18. Acts and more Acts…. Pages 125-135 Sugar Act –Significance and components Quartering Act Stamp Act –Issues, actions, and outcomes Townshend Acts Intolerable Acts –Significance and components

19. Colonial Responses Pages 125-135 Boston Massacre –Significance Committees of correspondence –Goals Tea Party –Outcomes and reactions First Continental Congress –Key Actions Lexington and Concord

20. The Boston Massacre

21. Crispus Attucks "And honor to Crispus Attucks, who was leader and voice that day; The first to defy, and the first to die, with Maverick, Carr and Gray. It riot or revolution, or mob or crowd as you may, such deaths have been seeds of nations, such lives shall be honored for ay". - John Boyle O'Reilly

22. Committees of Correspondence Purpose  warn neighboring colonies about incidents with British.  broaden the resistance movement.

23. Tea Act (1773) 8 British East India Co.:  Monopoly on Br. tea imports.  Many members of Parl. held shares.  Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!) 8 North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

24. Boston Tea Party (1773)

25. The Coercive or Intolerable Acts (1774) Lord North 1. Port Bill 2. Government Act 4. Administration of Justice Act 3. New Quartering Act

26. The Quebec Act (1774)

27. First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda  How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act? 1 vote per colony represented.

28. The British Are Coming... Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

29. The Shot Heard ’ Round the World ! Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775

32. Does this sound familiar? 1.The world’s most powerful nation is caught up in a war against a small guerrilla army. 2.The superpower must resupply its troops from thousands of miles away (very expensive). 3.Support for the war at home is divided.

33. Does this sound familiar? (Part 2) 4.The rebels are receiving financial and military support from the superpower’s chief rival. 5.As the war drags on and casualties increase, generals are disgraced and the rebels gain momentum. Who is the superpower? Who are the rebels?

34. History Repeats Itself The American Revolution Vietnam Iraq?

36. BritainAmericans Advantages ?? Disadvantages ?? Comparing the Combatants Pages 135-138

37. Military Strengths and Weaknesses Continental Army –Strengths Home field Motivating cause Inspirational leadership European officers –Weaknesses Untrained soldiers Shortages of food and equipment Limited navy No central government Britain –Strengths Best trained soldiers and sailors in the World Strong government with available funds Support of loyalists and Native Americans –Weaknesses Weak military leaders Distance from home Lack of personal involvement Unfamiliar territory

38. Washington’s Headaches Only 1/3 of the colonists were in favor of a war for independence [the other third were Loyalists, and the final third were neutral]. State/colony loyalties. Congress couldn’t tax to raise money for the Continental Army. Poor training [until the arrival of Baron von Steuben.

39. Military Strategies Attrition [the Brits had a long supply line]. Guerilla tactics [fight an insurgent war  you don’t have to win a battle, just wear the British down] Make an alliance with one of Britain’s enemies. The AmericansThe British Break the colonies in half by getting between the No. & the So. Blockade the ports to prevent the flow of goods and supplies from an ally. “Divide and Conquer”  use the Loyalists.

40. Exports & Imports: 1768-1783

41. Early Stages Pages 142-147 Second Continental Congress –Goals –Actions Bunker Hill –Significance Olive Branch Petition –Outcomes –Role of the Hessians

42. Thomas Paine Pages 142-147 Slow road to Independence? Common Sense Republicanism –What? –Why? –Flavors?

43. Bunker Hill (June, 1775) The British suffered over 40% casualties.

44. The Second Continental Congress (1775) Olive Branch Petition

45. Thomas Paine : Common Sense

46. Selections The cause of America is, in a great measure, the cause of all mankind. Many circumstances have, and will arise, which are not local, but universal, and through which the principles of all lovers of mankind are affected, and in the event of which, their affections are interested. The laying a country desolate with fire and sword, declaring war against the natural rights of all mankind, and extirpating the defenders thereof from the face of the earth, is the concern of every man to whom nature hath given the power of feeling; of which class, regardless of party censure, is COMMON SENSE

47. Selections… SOME writers have so confounded society with government, as to leave little or no distinction between them; whereas they are not only different, but have different origins. Society is produced by our wants, and government by our wickedness; the former promotes our happiness positively by uniting our affections, the latter negatively by restraining our vices. The one encourages intercourse, the other creates distinctions. The first is a patron, the last a punisher

48. Phase I: The Northern Campaign [1775-1776]

49. Phase II: NY & PA [1777-1778]

50. New York City in Flames (1776)

51. Washington Crossing the Delaware Painted by Emanuel Leutze, 1851

52. Declaration of Independence Pages 147-155 Reason for? Jefferson’s dilemma Key points Audience Role of the signers?

53. Patriots and Loyalists Pages 147-155 Loyalists –Who? Why? Where? –Impacts on the Patriots Patriots –Who? –Tactics

55. Declaration of Independence When in the course of human events? We hold these truths to be? All men are equal? Unalienable rights? Protection of Divine Providence –Lives, Fortunes, and Honor

56. Declaration of Independence (1776)

57. Declaration of Independence

58. Independence Hall

59. New National Symbols

60. LoyalistStrongholds

61. French Aid /Turning Points Pages 155-162 Motives Assistance / Alliance Global impact Turning Points –Key contributions –Key events

62. Peace at Paris Pages 155-162 Climate for Peace French Goals Treaty Conditions –British strategy –American gains

63. Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? Saratoga: “Turning Point” of the War? A modern-day re-enactment

64. Phase III: The Southern Strategy [1780-1781]

65. Britain’s “Southern Strategy” Britain thought that there were more Loyalists in the South. Southern resources were more valuable/worth preserving. The British win a number of small victories, but cannot pacify the countryside [similar to U. S. failures in Vietnam!] Good US General: Nathanial Greene

66. The Battle of Yorktown (1781) Count de Rochambeau Admiral De Grasse

67. Cornwallis’ Surrender at Yorktown: Painted by John Trumbull, 1797 “The World Turned Upside Down!”

69. North America After the Treaty of Paris, 1783

70. Revolutionary Ideology Pages 166-173 Evolution of egalitarianism Civic Virtue Birth of ‘Republican Motherhood’ Major issues in the new Republic –Role of popular sovereignty –Economic atmosphere –Social atmosphere

71. Articles of Confederation Pages 166-173 Issues Compromises Major weaknesses

72. Civic Virtue What do I owe to my times, to my country, to my neighbors, to my friends? Such are the questions which a virtuous man ought often to ask himself.” — Johann Kaspar Lavater, German poet and physiognomist (1741-1801)

73. Civic Virtue “A nation, as a society, forms a moral person, and every member of it is personally responsible for his society." — Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and third U.S. president (1743-1826), in a letter to George Hammond, 1792

74. It takes a Village to raise a child?

76. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law]. 13 out of 13 to amend. Representatives were frequently absent. Could not tax or raise armies. No executive or judicial branches.

77. State Constitutions Republicanism. Most had strong governors with veto power. Most had bicameral legislatures. Property required for voting. Some had universal white male suffrage. Most had bills of rights. Many had a continuation of state- established religions while others disestablished religion.

78. Occupational Composition of Several State Assemblies in the 1780s

79. Indian Land Cessions: 1768-1799

80. Disputed Territorial Claims Between Spain & the U. S.: 1783-1796

81. State Claims to Western Lands

82. Views regarding the Articles "The issue today is the same as it has been throughout all history, whether man shall be allowed to govern himself or be ruled by a small elite." -- Thomas Jefferson

83. End of the Articles? Pages 173-181 Land Ordinance of 1785 –Significance Northwest Ordinance of 1787 –Significance Issues for the Articles –Foreign policy –Interstate commerce –Mobocracy

84. Constitutional Convention Pages 173-181 Demigods? –Characters –Characteristics Plans and more plans….. –Virginia, NJ, Great Compromise, & 3/5 Compromise –Slavery issue Safeguards

85. Northwest Ordinance of 1785

86. The United States in 1787

87. American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789

88. Annapolis Convention (1786) 12 representatives from 5 states [NY, NJ, PA, DE, VA] GOAL  address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states. Not enough states were represented to make any real progress. Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

89. Wholesale Price Index: 1770-1789

90. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7 Daniel Shays Western MA Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes.

91. Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

92. There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders. -- George Washington

93. Federalists vs. Antifederalists Pages 181-187 Federalists –Opinions –Leaders –Methods Antifederalists –Opinions –Leaders –Methods

94. Ratification in the States Pages 181-187 State issues and actions Consensus or extortion? Revolution or evolution?

96. Which side? "the true theory of our Constitution is surely the wisest and best... (for) when all government... shall be drawn to Washington as the centre of all power, it will render powerless the checks provided of one government on another, and will become as... oppressive as the government from which we separated." --Thomas Jefferson

97. Which side? "The powers delegated by the proposed Constitution to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite." -- James Madison, Federal No. 45, January 26, 1788

98. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist Strongholds at the End of the War