1. 1 Geology 1001/1101 Sec 003 Chris Paola Class 10: the water planet

2. 2 Chapter 11 THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND GROUNDWATER

3. 3 Key ideas about water Fresh vs salt vs ice Surface vs ground water vs ice Water availability –Aquifers and groundwater flow –Areas of high and low rainfall; deserts Ocean flow

4. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

6. In mantle: ~ one ocean’s worth?

7. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company 96 %

8. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company 3 %

9. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company 1 %

10. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company <<1 %

11. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

13. 13 Controls on water availability: rainfall & surface water

14. 14 Global air flow determines large- scale rainfall patterns Mars: one cell per hemisphere

15. 15

16. 16 Earth: 3 cells per hemisphere wet dry

17. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

18. 18

19. 19 Deserts are NOT: Hot Desert misconceptions

20. 20

21. 21 Deserts are NOT: Sand Seas

22. 22

23. 23

24. 24 Deserts are NOT: Rare

25. 25

26. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

29. 29 Controls on water availability: groundwater

30. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

31. 31 Groundwater visible

32. Jordan, The Essential Earth 1e © 2008 by W. H. Freeman and Company

49. 49 Saltwater intrusion

50. 50 Water in the world ocean

51. 51

52. 52 Sea salt What’s in it? How salty is the ocean? Where does the salt come from? Why isn’t there more of it?

53. 53 Sea salt

54. 54 Ocean vertical profiles

55. 55 Ocean circulation Wind (surface to ~ 1000 m) Density differences: thermohaline First meet M. Coriolis…

56. 56 Coriolis force

57. 57 Coriolis force Coriolis animation

58. 58 Coriolis force

59. 59 Coriolis force Coriolis + centrifugal movie

60. 60 Coriolis force Coriolis always acts relative to the direction of motion: 90 deg to right in the NH 90 deg to left in the SH

61. 61 Coriolis force How large is the Coriolis force? Why don’t you feel it when you walk around? Why does it change sign as we cross the equator? http://www.ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadCoriolis.html

62. 62 Coriolis force

63. 63 Coriolis force Lo P Pressure Coriolis

64. 64

65. 65

66. 66 Coriolis force

67. 67

68. 68 Ocean currents

69. 69

70. 70 Ocean currents

71. 71 Ocean currents

72. 72 Modeling ocean surface movie

73. 73 Misconception: The deep (thermohaline or density-driven) circulation

74. 74 Air Circulation: Familiar Simple Symmetrical

75. 75 Why does ocean water sink? Water is heated & cooled, but…

76. 76 Why does ocean water sink?

77. 77 Why does ocean water sink?

78. 78 Why does ocean water sink?

79. 79 Why does ocean water sink?

80. 80 Why does ocean water sink?

81. 81 Why does ocean water sink?

82. 82 Why does ocean water sink?

83. 83 Why does ocean water sink? The polar water that sinks fastest is saltier water from tropics!

84. 84

85. 85 Why does ocean water rise?

86. 86 Why does ocean water rise? Not Temperature!

87. 87 Why does ocean water rise? Not Temperature! Not Salinity!

88. 88 Why does ocean water rise? Not Temperature! 1 wind Not Salinity!

89. 89 Wind blows surface water away, Why does ocean water rise? Not Temperature! 1 wind 2 Not Salinity!

90. 90 Wind blows surface water away, allowing deeper water to rise Why does ocean water rise? Not Temperature! 1 wind 2 3 Not Salinity!

91. 91 Coriolis moves water to right (NH) of wind

92. 92 Upwelling & downwelling

93. 93 Upwelling

94. 94

95. 95

96. 96

97. 97

98. 98 Extras

99. 99

100. 100 Ocean currents

101. 101 Ocean circulation

102. 102 El Niño

103. 103 El Niño

104. 104 SST anom movie