1. Chapter 4 Notes BIOLOGY “The Cell”

2. 4-1 CELLS  Science is not static World is flat Planets revolve around the Earth Only things that we can see, exist

3. 1665  Robert Hooke- England: looked at a thin slice of cork Where does cork come from? He saw chambers, and called them “cells” Why were the chambers empty?

9. 1665…  Anton Von Leewenhoek Used a single lens microscope to observe pond water He probably saw paramecium, euglena, and amoebas

11. Metaboly movements of Euglena.

12. Cells are the basic units of life  Cell Theory has 3 parts that are accepted by all scientists….

13. 1. All living things are made up of cells  1838 Matthias Schleiden – all plants are made of cells  1839 Theodor Schwann- all animals are made of cells

14. 2. New cells only come from other cells  1855 Rudolf Virchow said this …

15. 3. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.  Atoms are the smallest part that can exist alone  Cells are the smallest part that can exist alone and be considered “alive”

16. Technology: define each on yr own  Fluorescent Labels  Confocal Light microscope  Hi Resolution Video  Electron Microscope  TEM  SEM  Scanning Probe microscope

17. Prokaryotes/ Eukaryotes Cells: have a cell membrane, and have DNA at some point in their lives Prokaryotes No nucleus Smaller Have free floating DNA Bacteria Can swim/ glide Eukaryotes Have nucleus Larger/complex Specialized Some fd uni-cellular org Some fd multi cellular org

18. 4-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure  Organelles; the mini organs of the cell

19. NUCLEUS  Nucleus- sends out instructions for making proteins “the brain”  Nuclear envelope- separates the nucleus  Chromatin- DNA + protein  Chromosomes- thickened chromatin that are visible during cell division  Nucleolus – dense region of the nucleus where manufacturing of proteins begin

20. CYTOPLASM  Ribosomes- where proteins are assembled  ER- where lipid parts needed for cell membrane are made, also some proteins

21.  Rough ER- is invoved in making proteins, ribosomes are found on its surface Proteins made on these ribosomes, go into the rough er and are modified Most proteins that are made here will be exported out of the cell  Smooth ER- contains collections of enzymes, ready for action These enzymes perform specialized tasks like detoxification of drugs Liver cells contain a lot of smooth ER ? Tylenol, alcohol

22. CYTOPLASM…  Lysosomes: clean up crew Filled with enzymes, that help digest proteins, lipids, carbs- “get the junk out of the cell”. Tay Sachs Disease: these don’t function properly

23.  Vacuoles Storage place for water, salts, proteins, carbs In plants, it is VERY LARGE, and holds water and is under pressure – Making it possible for the plant to support structures like leaves and flowers Paramecium has a contractile vacuole to pump out excess water

24. CYTOPLASM…  Golgi Apparatus: (discovered by Camillo Golgi) modifies, sorts and packages proteins, from the ER for storage or secretion outside the cell Customization, finishing touches are put on the proteins- then they are packed and leave the factory

25.  Mitochondria- “powerhouse” of the cell, converts chemical energy in food, to a compound the cell can actually use- Mitochondria has its own simple circular DNA In humans, Mitochondrial DNA is inherited from your mom Your heart cells many mitochondria in each cell

26.  Chloroplasts w/ chlorophyll Capture energy from sunlight, and convert it into chemical energy Contain the pigment chlorophyll

27.  Cytoskeleton: protein filaments that help maintain cell’s shape- also involved in movement Centrioles- help to organize cell division (stars) in animals cells only Microtubules and filaments: help maintain cell shape- help amoeba move

28.  Flagellum/ Cilia- For movement or sweeping – throat cells Sperm cells  Cell membrane- both animals and plants p182 Regulates what enters and leaves Provides some protection and support

29.  Cell wall Present in plants, algae, fungi, and most prokaryotes Porous enough to allow water, oxygen and carbon dioxide among other substances through Fiber- and bowel movement Strong supporting layer made of cellulose a tough carbohydrate fiber