1. Earth, Moon, and Beyond
Chapter 13

2. Lesson 1
How Does Earth’s Orbit Affect the Seasons?

3. Day and Night Everyday the sun rises in the east and sets in the west.
Sun- the star at the center of our solar system
Rotates-spins on its axis
Axis-an imaginary line that passes through the North and South Poles.

4. Time Zones
In 1884, standard times were set up in 24 time zones around the world.
Each time zone represents one of the hours in a day.
The United States has seven time zones.

5. Earth’s Seasons revolves- to travel in a closed path around
another object.
Orbit- a path one body takes in space as it
revolves around another body.
Equator- an imaginary line going all the way around Earth halfway between the North and the South poles.

6. Insta-lab Sunrise, Sunset
Use a flashlight and a ball to model day and night. Where on the ball are sunrise and sunset represented?

7. Earth’s seasons’ continued
1. Why does the earth have 4 seasons?
A- Because the Earth’s axis are tilted.
2. When it is summer in the Northern Hemisphere, what season is it in the Southern Hemisphere?
A- Winter
3. Why is it warmer in the summer than in the winter?
A- During the summer, the number of hours of daylight is longer and the sun’s rays strike much of the hemisphere directly.

8. Videos Brain pop seasons Brain pop more seasons
Summer and Winter solstice
Summer solstice June,20th or 21st
Winter solstice, December 21st or 22nd
Equinox
Autumn equinox- September 22nd or 23rd
Spring equinox- March 20th or 21st

9. Lesson 2
How do Earth and the Moon Compare?

10. The Moon and Earth
Moon- any natural body that revolves around a planet.
Crater- a low, bowl-shaped area on the surface of a planet or moon.
Earth and Moon
Similarities
Both are rocky and fairly dense.
Both are made up of many of the same elements. Aluminum, oxygen, calcium, silicon, and iron.
Both have craters.

11. Earth and Moon Differences
Size- moon is about 2160 miles, which is only about 1/4th of the earth’s diameter.

12. Earth and Moon Differences
The moons pull of gravity is only 1/6th of that on earth.
The moon, has almost no atmosphere and no liquid water.
Temperatures on the moon range from 212 degrees F during day to -247 degrees F during the night.
Moon’s surface is covered with many more craters than earths.

13. Phases of the Moon
Bill Nye

14. Phases of the moon
The Earth and the Moon both rotate, but at different speeds.
The moon rotates more slowly.
Moon- rotates every 29 ½ days
Earth – rotates every 24 hours
The same side of the moon always faces the earth.
Moon does NOT give off light, it is the reflection of the sun.

15. Phases of the moon
Moon phase- is one of the shapes the moon seems to have as it orbits Earth.
Sun Earth Moon = Full moon (can see)
Sun Moon Earth = New Moon (can’t see)

16. Eclipses
Eclipse- occurs when one body on space blocks light from reaching another body in space.
Solar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always a new moon, casts a shadow on Earth.
The moon seems to cover the sun, and the sky gets dark.

17. Eclipse
Lunar eclipse- occurs when the moon, always a full moon, passes through the shadow of Earth.
Earth blocks the sun’s light from reaching the moon, but the moon does not look black. Instead, it looks red.
This is because the Earth’s atmosphere bends the red light, which then reflects off the moon.
Refraction- bending light

18. Lesson 3
What makes up our Solar System?

19. The sun and other stars Star- a huge ball of very hot gases in space.
Solar system- made up of a star and all the planets and other objects that revolve around that star.

20. Sun The source of much of the energy on Earth
Plants use energy from the sun to make food and store energy.
Animals eat plants to use that food energy.
Some plants and animals that died long ago became fossil fuels, such as oil that we use today.

21. Sun The sun is huge, a million Earths could fit inside it.
Sunspots are darker, cooler areas of the sun.
Sunspots can produce brief bursts of energy called solar flares.
Brain pop – sun
See Roles of the sun PowerPoint

22. Classify stars One way scientists classify stars is by their color.
Stars can be blue, white, and yellow, to orange and red.
The color of the star is a clue to how hot it is.
Another way scientists classify stars is by their brightness.
Depends on how close it is to Earth
And how bright it actually is.

23. constellation
A pattern of stars that is named after a religious or mythical object or animal.
One set is visible from the Northern Hemisphere, another is visible from the Southern Hemisphere. (see PowerPoint called Constellation drawings)

24. The Planets! My- Mercury Very- Venus Excellent- Earth Mother- Mars
Just- Jupiter
Served- Saturn
Us- Uranus
Nine- Neptune
Pizza’s- Pluto

25. The Inner Planets Planet- a body that revolves around a star.
We have 9 in our solar system.
A planet is held in its orbit by the gravitational force between the planet and the star.
Asteroid belt- a ring-shaped area where many small, rocky bodies, or asteroids, are located. It is located between the inner and outer planets.
There are 4, they are rocky and dense.

26. Inner Planets Mercury Closest to the sun
About the size of Earth’s moon.
Almost no atmosphere and a surface covered with craters and dust.
The side facing the sun is HOT!!- about 810 degrees F.
The side not facing the sun can be very cold. About -290 degrees.

27. Inner Planets
Venus
The brightest object in the night sky, after the moon.
About the same size as Earth and it’s rocky
Venus can be very hot, even hotter than Mercury because Venus’s thick atmosphere keeps heat from escaping.

28. Inner Planets
Earth
Only planet to support life, because of its liquid water and atmosphere.
Earth’s atmosphere maintains temperatures in which living things can survive.

29. Inner Planets Mars Called the red planet because of its reddish soil.
Atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide.
Its valley’s are evidence that Mars once had liquid water.
Has the largest volcano in the solar system
It has dust storms that can last for months.

30. Outer Planets Beyond the asteroid belt
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
The first 4 are called gas giants because the are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium.

31. Outer Planets Jupiter Largest planet in the solar system
Has rings and dozens of moons, including Ganymede, the largest moon in the solar system.
There is a huge storm on Jupiter that has lasted for about 400 years.
The storm is called – The Great Red Spot

32. Outer Planets
Saturn
Best known for its rings, made of ice, dust, boulders, and frozen gas.
Its rings stretch about 84,650 miles from the center of the planet.
Has dozens of moons.

33. Outer planets Uranus Many moons and rings
Rotates on an axis that is tilted much more than those of other planets.
Looks like a top that has fallen over and is still spinning.

34. Neptune Several rings and moons
Has the fastest winds in the solar system.

35. Outer Planets Pluto Small and rocky
Unusual orbit. Sometimes is closer to the sun than Neptune.
It has one moon, that is ½ its size.

36. Planets Just how far apart are they??? Bill Nye
School House Rock- Interplant Janet
Planets song
Planets song #2

37. Beyond the Solar System
Universe- everything that exists- all the stars, the planets, dust, gases, and energy.
Galaxy- is gas, dust, and a group of stars, including any objects orbiting the stars.
Our galaxy is the Milky Way.
Scientists estimate that the universe contains more than 100 billion galaxies.
See brain pop galaxies and Milky way

38. Galaxies
4 basic types: spiral, barred spiral, elliptical, and irregular.
Milky way is a spiral galaxy with a bulge of stars in the center and rotating arms around a disk. The sun is in one of the Milky Way Galaxy’s spiral arms.

39. galaxies
Barred spiral galaxy is similar to a spiral galaxy, but the spiral arms extend from a bar of stars that stretches across the center.

40. galaxies Elliptical galaxies- make up about half of all galaxies.
Their shapes range from almost a sphere to a flattened football shape.
They do not seem to rotate.

41. galaxies Irregular galaxies are groups of stars with no obvious shape.

42. Black hole Is an object of extremely intense gravity.
They are so dense that even light gets pulled into them.
Scientists concluded that a black hole forms when a large star collapses.

43. Space exploration
In 1609 the telescope was invented, this gave people a closer look into space.
Russian satellite Sputnik 1 was launched into Earth’s atmosphere in 1957.
1960’s- Russian and United States spacecraft carried the first humans into space.
1969- U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the moon.
Scientists use telescopes, satellites, and space probes to continue to explore space.