1. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e Chapter 5 Processors and Chipsets (v0.9)

2. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e2 Processors Processor and chipset are located on motherboard –Components determine computing power and features of computer system Also known as the CPU or microprocessor Major manufacturers: Intel, AMD, and VIA

3. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e3 Basic CPU Functions performs calculations executes instructions processes data from software and I/O ports

4. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e4 CPU Language Recognizes a set of instructions Intel x86 standard Extensions (MMX, SSE, 3DNow) Decodes and executes the instructions it receives from the OS or applications software

5. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e5 CPU Instructions Executes instructions –binary (machine) code –assembly language High level language –C++, BASIC, FORTRAN –software compiler converts program to machine code

6. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e6 Front Side & Back Side Bus –External (front-side) bus –Internal (back-side) bus

7. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e7 Data Path and Word Size Data path –Transports data into processor Word path –Number of bits processed in one operation

8. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e8 Parts of a CPU (8088) Execution Unit (EU) –Executes instructions –Performs calculations Bus Interface Unit (BIU) –Interface to the motherboard

9. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e9 Functions (EU) General Registers store data and status flags ALU math and logic calculations

10. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e10 Functions (BIU) Bus Control Logic –interface to the buses on the motherboard Instruction Queue –lines up the instructions for decoding and processing Address Control –Generates memory address to write to or fetch data from

11. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e11

12. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e12 CPU Registers

13. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e13 CPU Buses

14. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e14 Buses - General Provide a path for a CPU to work with other parts of the computer system

15. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e15 Types of Buses Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus

16. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e16

17. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e17 Data Bus Provides a path for the CPU to exchange data with peripherals Bus width varies –8 bits to 64 bits wide

18. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e18 Address Bus enables CPU to access any particular location in main RAM amount of RAM than can be addressed depends on the width of the address bus 8088 (20 address lines, 1024K of RAM) Pentium III (36 address lines, 64G of RAM)

19. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e19 Control Bus defines a collection functions that the CPU provides or requires to interact with other motherboard components –voltage –IRQ control –DMA control –reset –status & enable

20. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e20 CPU Speed measured in megahertz (gigahertz) million (billion) cycles per second

21. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e21 Clock Speed & Performance In general the higher the CPU speed, the faster data is processed –similar CPU designs Performance is dependent upon –how efficiently a CPU processes data –how efficiently software takes advantage of the CPU’s features

22. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e22 Processor & System Speeds System bus frequency or speed –Faster than other buses; e.g., 1066 MHz, 800 MHz Processor frequency or speed –Refers to speed of internal operations; e.g., 3.2 GHz –System bus frequency x multiplier = processor frequency –Overclocking: running processor at excessive speed –Throttling: decreasing speed when overheating occurs

23. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e23 CPU Improvements Increased clock speed Ability to address more memory Wider internal and external data bus widths Multiple ALU’s More efficient instructions Cache memory Dual (Multiple) Core

24. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e24 Instruction Handling Times 8086/8088 - 12 cycles per instruction 286/386 - 4.5 cycles per instruction 486 - 2 cycles per instruction Pentium/K6 - 1 to 2 cycles per instruction P6/K7 - up to 3 instructions/cycle

25. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e25 Figure 5-2 Since the Pentium processor was first released in 1993, the standard has been for a processor to have two arithmetic logic units so that it can process two instructions at once

26. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e26

27. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e27 Cache Memory Improves performance Compensates for slow RAM access Uses high speed SRAM memory for blocks of data that are often and/or repeatedly used

28. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e28 Figure 5-4 Cache memory (SRAM) is used to temporarily hold data in expectation of what the processor will request next

29. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e29 Hyperthreading (Intel) Based on fact that a multitasking OS breaks up tasks into threads –Windows 2000 and XP –Windows XP is optimized for HT Enables the CPU to easily process threads in parallel –Reduces time required to process a task

30. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e30 The Intel Processors Older Pentiums no longer sold by Intel –Classic Pentium, Pentium MMX, Pro, II, and III Celeron –Uses a 478-pin socket or a 775-land socket –Uses Level 2 cache within processor housing Pentium 4 –Runs at up to 3.8 GHz –Later versions use Hyper-Threading (HT) Technology

31. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e31 The Intel Processors Pentium 4 DuoCore Processors Quad Core Celeron and Xeon are offshoots from Pentium family

32. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e32 Figure 5-8 The Pentiums are sometimes sold boxed with a cooler assembly

33. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e33 The Intel Processors (continued) Some mobile Pentium processors –Pentium M, Mobile Pentium 4, and Celeron M Xeon processors –Use HT Technology and dual-core processing –Designed for servers and high-end workstations The Itaniums –External data path is 128 bits –L1 cache on processor die, L2 and L3 cache on board

34. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e34 AMD Processors Manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices, Inc Geared to 64-bit desktop and mobile processors Current AMD processors –For desktops: Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core, Athlon 64 FX –For servers: Athlon MP, Opteron –For notebooks: Turion 64 Mobile, Mobile Athlon 64 –Budget PC’s: Semprons

35. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e35 VIA and Cyrix Processors Use same sockets as earlier Pentium processors Target: personal electronics and embedded devices

36. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e36 Processor Packages Processor package: provides processor housing Flat and thin processor packages –Lay flat in a socket or motherboard –Connectors can be pins or lands (newer) –Intel example: PPGA (Plastic Pin Grid Array) –AMD example: CPGA (Ceramic Pin Grid Array)

37. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e37 Figure 5-12 This Intel Celeron processor is housed in the PPGA form factor, which has pins on the underside that insert into Socket 370

38. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e38 PGA Packaging

39. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e39 Socket 478

40. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e40 Socket 775

41. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e41 Socket 939/940

42. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e42 The Chipset Set of chips on the motherboard Controls memory cache, external buses, peripherals, RAM, I/O Intel dominates the market for chipsets Other maker of motherboard chipsets –Via, SiS

43. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e43 Figure 5-18 Using Intel 800 series Accelerated Hub Architecture, a hub interface is used to connect slower I/O buses to the system bus

44. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e44 Heat Sinks and Cooling Fans Cooling assembly must keep temperatures <185° F Target temperature range: 90° - 100° F –One or more fans are needed to meet cooling needs Cooling fan sits on top of processor with wire or clip Heat sink: clip-on device pulling heat from processor Cooler: combination of heat sink and cooling fan

45. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e45

46. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e46

47. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e47 Voltage to the Processor Earlier processors drew power from system bus lines –Newer motherboards may have a power connector

48. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e48 Figure 5-23 Auxiliary 4-pin power cord from the power supply connects to the ATX12V connector on the motherboard to provide power to the Pentium 4

49. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e49 CPU Voltage Regulator Voltages could be set on some older motherboards –Enabled motherboard to support various CPUs Ways to configure voltage on older motherboards –Set jumpers to configure voltage to processor –Use a voltage regulator module (VRM) A VRM can be embedded or installed with upgrade

50. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e50 Figure 5-42 The CPU and motherboard temperature is monitored by CMOS setup

51. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e51 Installing a CPU

52. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e52 1. Release the CPU socket lever

53. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e53 2. Lift the socket cover

54. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e54 3. Place CPU in the socket

55. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e55 4. Push lever into position

56. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e56 5. Secure Heat Sink on the CPU

57. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e57 6. Connect fan to MB connector

58. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e58 Summary Basic CPU components: I/O unit, control unit, ALUs Registers: high speed memory used by ALU in current processing Internal cache: holds frequently used instructions Types of buses in CPU: internal and external (system) Standard Intel Pentium features: two ALUs, 64-bit external path size and two 32-bit internal paths

59. A+ Guide to Managing and Maintaining your PC, 6e59 Summary (continued) Processors are housed inside a processor package Processors fit into slots or sockets in the motherboard The chipset controls memory cache, external buses and some peripherals A cooler comprises a cooling fan and a heat sink A voltage regulator module (VRM) controls the amount of voltage to a processor