1. MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN
GUIDE BOOK FOR
STUDENTS
How to Computer Work
By:
MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN
/ yahoo / homail.com

2. You Will Learn…
That a computer requires both hardware and software to work
About the many different hardware components inside and connected to a computer
How the CPU works and how it communicates with other devices

3. Hardware Needs Software to Work
Physical components of the computer (monitor, keyboard, memory chips, hard drive)
Software
Set of instructions that directs hardware to accomplish a task

4. Functions of the Microcomputer

5. Binary Number System
Technology of storing and reading only two values: on and off
Bits and bytes
Originated in the 1940s by John Atanasoff

6. Binary Number System

7. Binary Number System

8. PC Hardware Components
Input/output devices: outside computer case
Processing and storage components: inside the case
Elements required by hardware devices to operate:
Method for CPU to communicate with it
Software to instruct and control it
Electricity to power it

9. Hardware Used for Input and Output
Connects to computer case by ports
Most popular input devices:
Keyboard
Mouse
Most popular output devices:
Monitor
Printer

10. Ports

11. Input Devices

12. Output Devices

13. Hardware Inside the Case
Motherboard (contains CPU, memory, etc.)
Floppy drive, hard drive, and CD-ROM drive (permanent storage)
Power supply with cords supplying electricity to all devices inside the case
continued…

14. Hardware Inside the Case
Circuit boards (used by CPU to communicate with devices inside/outside the case)
Contain microchips, which are most often manufactured using CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology
Cables that connect devices to circuit boards and the motherboard
Data cables
Power cables (or power cords)

15. Peripheral Devices
Communicate with CPU but are not located directly on the motherboard
Some are linked by expansion cards in expansion slots on the motherboard

17. The Motherboard Largest, most important circuit board in the computer
Contains the CPU, with which all devices must communicate:
Installed directly on the motherboard
Linked by a cable connected to a port on the motherboard
Indirectly linked by expansion cards
Also called the main board or system board

18. The Motherboard

19. Ports on a Motherboard

20. Major Components on All Motherboards
For processing:
CPU
Chip set
For temporary storage:
RAM
Cache memory
Electrical system:
Power supply connections
For communication with other devices:
Traces
Expansion slots
System clock
Programming and setup data:
Flash ROM
CMOS setup chip

21. The CPU Most important chip (the microprocessor)
Performs most of actual data processing

22. The Chip Set
Controls flow of data and instructions to and from the CPU
Provides careful timing of activities

23. The Chip Set

24. CPU and Chip Set Manufacturers
IBM-compatible PCs
Intel Corporation
AMD
VIA
SiS
Cyrix
Macintosh (Apple Computer, Inc.)
Motorola Corporation

25. Storage Devices Temporary (primary storage, or memory)
Temporarily holds data and instructions while processing them
Faster to access than permanent storage
Permanent (secondary storage)
Data and instructions must be copied into primary storage (RAM) for processing

26. Primary and Secondary Storage

27. Primary Storage Devices
Memory, or RAM, located on motherboard and other circuit boards
Volatile versus nonvolatile (or ROM) memory
Common types of boards that hold memory chips
SIMMs (single inline memory modules)
DIMMs (dual inline memory modules)
RIMMs (memory modules manufactured by Rambus, Inc.)

28. RAM Chips

29. Types of RAM Modules

30. Secondary Storage Devices
Hard disks
Floppy disks
Zip drives
CD-ROMs
DVDs

31. Hard Drive
Uses EIDE (Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics) technology
Motherboard can accommodate up to four IDE devices on one system
IDE provides two connectors on a motherboard for two data cables

32. Motherboard with Connectors

33. A Typical System

35. Hard Drive’s Power Supply

36. Floppy Drive Cable

37. Floppy Drive Connection

38. CD-ROM Drive

39. Motherboard Components Used for Communication Among Devices
The bus
System of pathways used for communication and the protocol and methods used for transmission
Includes a data bus, address bus, and control bus

40. Bus Lines

41. Data Bus

42. System Clock Synchronizes activity on the motherboard
Sends continuous pulses over the bus that are used by different components to control the pace of activity
Frequency of activity is measured in MHz, or 1 million cycles per second

43. System Clock

44. Bus Lines
Lines of a bus, including data, instruction, and power lines, often extend to the expansion slots
Types of expansion slots
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
For high-speed input/output devices)
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)
For a video card
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture)
Used by older and/or slower devices)

45. Bus Lines

46. Types of Expansion Slots

47. Interface (Expansion) Cards
Enable CPU to connect to external device or to a network

48. Interface (Expansion) Cards

50. Full View of a Video Card

51. The Electrical System Power supply
Most important component of computer’s electrical system
Converts/reduces electricity to voltage the computer can handle
Runs a fan directly from electrical output voltage to cool inside of computer case

52. Electrical System

53. Electrical System

54. Instructions and Data Stored on the Motherboard
ROM BIOS
Holds software needed to start up PC and begin loading an OS
Most are flash ROM
CMOS chip
Stores setup (configuration) information
Setup information can also be set by means of jumpers and DIP (dual inline package) switches
Powered by a battery on motherboard when power is off

55. ROM BIOS Chip

56. ROM BIOS Chip

57. CMOS Chip

58. Using Jumpers

59. DIP Switches

60. How a CPU Works and Communicates with Other Devices
Responsible for most processing
Depends on chip set, system clock, and buses to move data to and from I/O devices, memory, and secondary storage
Only two states: on and off

61. Components of a CPU Input/output (I/O) unit
Manages data/instructions entering/leaving CPU
One or more arithmetic logic units (ALU)
Does all comparisons and calculations
Control unit
Manages all activities inside CPU itself

62. Components of a CPU

63. How the CPU Works
Registers hold data and instructions while it processes them
Memory cache holds data and instructions just before they are processed
Internal bus runs at different speed than external bus

64. How the CPU Uses Memory
CPU accesses memory by way of the data bus

65. How CPU and Devices Use System Bus to Communicate

66. The Address Bus

67. The Control Bus System clock control line
Provides timing for motherboard components
Interrupt request (IRQ) lines
Used by devices to get CPU’s attention; assigned at startup
Read/write control lines
How to use address on address bus (read or write operation)
I/O control lines
How to use address lines (memory addresses or I/O addresses)

68. Interrupt Request (IRQ) Lines

69. I/O Control Lines

70. Understanding Binary
With computers, everything is binary; every process is a series of zeros and ones
Decimal and hexadecimal notations are two shorthand ways of displaying binary numbers

72. Understanding Binary Hexadecimal notation (hex)
Shorthand way to display long binary numbers; easier for humans to understand
Built on multiples of sixteen
ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) standard
Has assigned an 8-bit code for letters, symbols, and other characters

73. Chapter Summary An introduction to the inside of the computer
Initial insight into how hardware components of a computer system work
How a CPU works and communicates with other devices
Understanding binary

74. MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN
THANK YOU ! ! !
MUHAMMAD AHMED HUSSAIN
/ yahoo / homail.com