1. Medical Microbiology

2. 一 concept of microoranism : 二 type of microorganism: 1 non-cell type 2 prokaryotes 3 eukaryotes 三 general properties of M: 1 tiny in size 2 simple in structure 3 active in metabolism 4 fast rate in multiplication 5 easy in variation 6 widely distributed

3. 四 relationship to human ( 一 ) C.N circulation in nature

5. ( 二 ) in industry 、 agricuture 、 medicine ( 三 ) make up of normal flora of human being 1 anti-pathogen 2 provide nutrition ( 四 ) some M are pathogens 1 pathogens 2 opportunistic pathogens

6. 五 history : leeuwenhoek. 1676.microscopy (>200 times )

8. Pasteur (1822-1895 ) :

9. 1 yeast cells cause wines sour 2 pebrine caused by protozoan 3 spontaneous generation controversy

10. 4 chickens: 42 ℃, do not acquire anthrax 37 ℃,do 5 vaccine for rabies

11. koch : (1843—1910)

12. 1 cultivation techniques 2 staining 3 isolated TB 4 Koch ’ s postulates :

13. ① microbes are observed in tissue specimens from dead animals ; ② isolated and grown in pure culture ; ③ inoculated to a health animal ; ④ the disease is produced in the animal ; ⑤ then 1 ⑥ then 2

14. 六 object of medical microbiology pathogens 七 why we study medical microbiology 八 how to study ---:

15. Chapter 1. Bacterial Morphology and Structure

16. §1. size and shape of bacteria size :tiny um (1um=1/1000 mm) shape : coccus : diplo~, strepto~ tetrad,sarcina, staphylo ~ bacillus : spiral bacterium :vibrio spirillum

18. §2. structure of bacterium Structure of Bacteria: Essential structure: cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm nuclear material (nucloid) Special Structure capsule flagella pilus spore

20. 一 Essential structure of bacteria ( 一 ) cell wall : 1 peptidoglycan : (1) a backbone (2) tetrapeptide side chains (3) cross bridges

22. 2 teichoic acid (G+) (1) membrane ~ (LTA) (2) wall ~

23. functions : a. major surface Ag of G+ b. Regulating passage of ions into and out of G+ c. binding B onto host cell surface 3 G- (1) outer membrane. (2) LPS a. lipid A b. core polysaccharide c. O-specific polysaccharide

25. 表 1 － 1 革兰阳性菌与阴性菌细胞壁结构比较 强度 较坚韧 较疏松 厚度 20 ～ 80nm 10 ～ 15nm 肽聚糖层数 可多达 50 层 1 ～ 2 层 肽聚糖含量 占细胞壁干重 50% ～ 80% 占细胞壁干重 5% ～ 20% 糖类含量 约 45% 15% ～ 20% 脂类含量 1% ～ 4% 11% ～ 22% 磷壁酸 ＋ － 外膜 － ＋ 细胞壁 革兰阳性菌 革兰阴性菌

26. 4 Functions of CW. (1) to form the external shape of B. (2) to protect B from bursting due to high osmolarity :G- 5~6 G+ 20~25 (3) A barrier to certain substances into and out of B. (4) Take part in B multiplication. (5) Associated with B antigenicity.

27. 5 B with deficiency in CW (L Forms ) : Bacterium L-forms : (B with deficiency in CW ):

29. 1 pleomorphic 2 grow in 5% NaCl, 12-15% sucrose. 3 grow slowly ( 2-7d ) 4 antibiotics resistant cells. 5 “fried egg” colony PC, 6 G+, G- -----------  L – form lysozyme G+  protoplast G-  spheroplast 7 Clinic significant

30. ( 二 ) cell membrane. Functions (1) Transportation (2) Respiration (3) Biosynthesis (4) Secretion Mesosome : (1) Respiration (chondroid) (2) Take part in dividing of B

31. ( 三 ) cytoplasm 1 Ribosome : 50S + 30S = 70S | Erythromycin streptomycin 2 plasmid 3 cytoplasmic granules ( 四 ) Nuclear material (nucleoid )

32. 二 special structure of Bacteria ( 一 )Capsule :

33. 1 chemical component : polysaccharide polypeptide 2 Functions of capsule : (1)against phagocytosis (2)adhesion (3)protect B from damage. (against dry) Glycocalyx

34. （二） Flagellum :

35. 1 structure 2 chemical composition : pro 3 Function : (1) Motility (2) Antigenicity (H – Ag) (3) Associated with pathogenicity (4) Differentiation for B

36. （三） Pilus :

37. 1 common pilus : pathogenicity 2 sexpilus :conjugation F+ →F-

38. （四） spore :

41. 1 Formation and Germination 2 Functions of spore high resistance to kill spore ： 121.3 ℃, 15-20min 1.05kg / cm 2 To kill spore is an important index of autoclaving.

42. §3 Methods for Identification and Detection of B 一 microscope magnification 1 light microscope 2 electron microscope 二 staining : （一） Gram stain Step1 step2 step3 1min 1min Crystal ------  Iodine -----  95% Alcohol Violet wash 30Sec step4 30Sec --------  Safranin --------  microscope. （二） Acid – fast stain.