Download presentation
1
CALCULUS II Chapter 5
2
Definite Integral
3
Example
5
Properties of the Definite Integral
1: 2: 3: 4: 5: 6:
6
7:
7
8: 9: 10: 11:
8
12:
9
Indefinite Integrals or Antiderivatives
You should distinguish carefully between definite and indefinite integrals. A definite integral is a number, whereas an indefinite integral is a function (or family of functions).
10
Antiderivative An antiderivative of a function f is a function F such that Ex. An antiderivative of is since
11
Indefinite Integral The expression:
read “the indefinite integral of f with respect to x,” means to find the set of all antiderivatives of f. x is called the variable of integration Integrand Integral sign
12
Constant of Integration
Every antiderivative F of f must be of the form F(x) = G(x) + C, where C is a constant. Notice Represents every possible antiderivative of 6x.
13
Power Rule for the Indefinite Integral, Part I
Ex.
14
Power Rule for the Indefinite Integral, Part II
Indefinite Integral of ex and bx
15
Sum and Difference Rules
Ex. Constant Multiple Rule Ex.
18
Table of Indefinite Integrals
21
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (part 1)
If is continuous for , then
22
Visualization
23
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus (part 2)
1. Derivative of an integral. 2. Derivative matches upper limit of integration. 3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.
24
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
Ex.
25
First Fundamental Theorem:
1. Derivative of an integral. 2. Derivative matches upper limit of integration. 3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.
26
1. Derivative of an integral.
2. Derivative matches upper limit of integration. 3. Lower limit of integration is a constant.
27
The upper limit of integration does not match the derivative, but we could use the chain rule.
29
The lower limit of integration is not a constant, but the upper limit is.
We can change the sign of the integral and reverse the limits.
30
Neither limit of integration is a constant.
We split the integral into two parts. It does not matter what constant we use! (Limits are reversed.) (Chain rule is used.)
31
Integration by Substitution
Method of integration related to chain rule differentiation. If u is a function of x, then we can use the formula
32
Integration by Substitution
Ex. Consider the integral: Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute
33
Ex. Evaluate Pick u, compute du Sub in Integrate Sub in
35
Ex. Evaluate
37
Ex. Evaluate
41
Shortcuts: Integrals of Expressions Involving ax + b
Rule
42
Evaluating the Definite Integral
Ex. Calculate
44
Computing Area Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0, 2].
Ex. Find the area enclosed by the x-axis, the vertical lines x = 0, x = 2 and the graph of Gives the area since 2x3 is nonnegative on [0, 2]. Antiderivative Fund. Thm. of Calculus
45
Substitution for Definite Integrals
Ex. Calculate Notice limits change
47
The Definite Integral As a Total
If r(x) is the rate of change of a quantity Q (in units of Q per unit of x), then the total or accumulated change of the quantity as x changes from a to b is given by
48
The Definite Integral As a Total
Ex. If at time t minutes you are traveling at a rate of v(t) feet per minute, then the total distance traveled in feet from minute 2 to minute 10 is given by
49
A honey bee makes several trips from the hive to a flower garden.
The velocity graph is shown below. What is the total distance traveled by the bee? 700 feet 200ft 200ft 200ft 100ft
50
What is the displacement of the bee?
100 feet towards the hive 200ft 200ft -200ft -100ft
51
To find the displacement (position shift) from the velocity function, we just integrate the function. The negative areas below the x-axis subtract from the total displacement. To find distance traveled we have to use absolute value. Find the roots of the velocity equation and integrate in pieces, just like when we found the area between a curve and the x-axis. (Take the absolute value of each integral.) Or you can use your calculator to integrate the absolute value of the velocity function.
52
Displacement: Distance Traveled: velocity graph position graph Every AP exam I have seen has had at least one problem requiring students to interpret velocity and position graphs.
53
In the linear motion equation:
V(t) is a function of time. For a very small change in time, V(t) can be considered a constant. We add up all the small changes in S to get the total distance.
54
We add up all the small changes in S to get the total distance.
As the number of subintervals becomes infinitely large (and the width becomes infinitely small), we have integration.
55
This same technique is used in many different real-life problems.
56
Example 5: National Potato Consumption The rate of potato consumption for a particular country was: where t is the number of years since 1970 and C is in millions of bushels per year. For a small , the rate of consumption is constant. The amount consumed during that short time is
57
Example 5: National Potato Consumption The amount consumed during that short time is We add up all these small amounts to get the total consumption: From the beginning of 1972 to the end of 1973: million bushels
Similar presentations
© 2024 SlidePlayer.com Inc.
All rights reserved.