2. Chapter Menu Chapter Introduction Lesson 1Lesson 1Solids, Liquids, and Gases Lesson 2Lesson 2Changes in State Lesson 3Lesson 3The Behavior of Gases Chapter Wrap-Up

3. Chapter Introduction What physical changes and energy changes occur as matter goes from one state to another?

4. Chapter Introduction What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements.

5. Chapter Introduction 1.Particles moving at the same speed make up all matter. 2.The particles in a solid do not move. 3.Particles of matter have both potential energy and kinetic energy. 4.When a solid melts, thermal energy is removed from the solid. Do you agree or disagree?

6. Chapter Introduction 5.Changes in temperature and pressure affect gas behavior. 6.If the pressure on a gas increases, the volume of the gas also increases. Do you agree or disagree?

7. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC How do particles move in solids, liquids, and gases? How are the forces between particles different in solids, liquids, and gases? Solids, Liquids, and Gases

8. Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab solid liquid viscosity surface tension Solids, Liquids, and Gases gas vapor

9. Lesson 1-1 Two factors determine the state of matter: Describing Matter * *

10. Lesson 1-1 Regardless of how close particles are to each other, they all have random motion; movement in all directions and at different speeds. Collisions of particles usually change the speed and direction of the particles’ movements. Describing Matter (cont.)

11. Lesson 1-1 In some matter, the particles move slowly. The particles vibrate in place. The attractive forces between the particle are strong. Describing Matter (cont.)

12. Lesson 1-1 In other matter, the particles move faster and slip past each other. The distance between the particles increases. The attractive forces between the particles are weaker. Describing Matter (cont.)

13. Lesson 1-1 In other matter, the particles move very fast. The distance between the particles is great. The attractive forces between the particles are very weak. Describing Matter (cont.)

14. Lesson 1-1 In summary: Describing Matter (cont.)

15. Lesson 1-1 As the motion of the particles slows, the particles move closer. The attractive forces become stronger. As the motion of the particles increases, the particles move farther apart. The attractive forces become weaker. Describing Matter (cont.)

16. Lesson 1-2 A solid is *solid The attractive forces between the particles in a solid are strong and pull them close together. Solids

17. Lesson 1-2 Solids (cont.) Describe the movement of particles in a solid and the forces between them.

18. Lesson 1-2 Solids (cont.) Different particle arrangements give materials different properties. A diamond is a crystalline solid with particles arranged in a specific, repeating order. Charcoal is an amorphous solid with randomly arranged particles.

19. Lesson 1-3 A liquid is *liquid Liquids * Liquids

20. Lesson 1-3 The particle motion in a liquid is faster than the particle motion in a solid. Liquids (cont.)

21. Lesson 1-3 ViscosityViscosity is *. Liquids (cont.) Dr. Parvinder Sethi Scott Thomas/Getty Images

22. Lesson 1-3 Molecules at the surface of a liquid have surface tension, the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid.surface tension The surface tension of water enables certain insects to walk on the surface of a lake. Liquids (cont.)

23. Lesson 1-2 Describe the movement of particles in a liquid and the forces between them. Liquids (cont.)

24. Lesson 1-4 A gas is *gas Compared to the particles in the solid and the liquid states, the particles in gases are far apart. Gases

25. Lesson 1-4 In a gas, the forces of attraction between the particles are not strong enough to keep the particles close together. Because the particles in gas are moving quickly, the distance between particles increases, and the attractive forces between particles decreases. The gas state of a substance that is normally a solid or a liquid at room temperature is called vapor.vapor Gases (cont.)

26. Lesson 1-2 How do particles move and interact in a gas? Gases (cont.)

27. Lesson 1 - VS In some matter, particles can only vibrate in place. The particles are close together, and there are strong forces among them.

28. Lesson 1 - VS In other matter, the particles are far enough apart that particles can flow past other particles. The forces among these particles are weaker than those shown above.

29. Lesson 1 - VS In another group of matter, the particles are far apart and there is little or no attraction among the particles.

30. Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab kinetic energy temperature thermal energy vaporization Changes in State evaporation condensation sublimation deposition

31. Lesson 2-1 Particles that make up matter have kinetic energy, the * kinetic energy The faster particles move, the more kinetic energy they have. Kinetic and Potential Energy

32. Lesson 2-1 Temperature is *Temperature Within a given substance, a temperature increase means that the particles, on average, are moving at greater speeds. Kinetic and Potential Energy (cont.)

33. Lesson 2-1 Kinetic and Potential Energy (cont.) How is temperature related to particle motion?

34. Lesson 2-1 Potential energy of particles typically increases as the particle get farther apart. The farther an object is from Earth’s surface, the greater the gravitational potential energy. Kinetic and Potential Energy (cont.)

35. Lesson 2-1

36. Lesson 2-2 Thermal energy is *Thermal energy You can change an object’s state of matter by adding or removing thermal energy. If enough thermal energy is added or removed from an object, a change of state can occur. Thermal Energy

37. Lesson 2-2 Thermal Energy (cont.) How do thermal energy and temperature differ?

38. Lesson 2-3 To change matter from a solid to a liquid, thermal energy must be added. Once a solid reaches the melting point, additional thermal energy is used by the particles to overcome their attractive forces, the particles move farther apart and potential energy increases. Solid to Liquid or Liquid to Solid

39. Lesson 2-3 Adding thermal energy to matter causes the particles that make up the matter to increase in kinetic energy, potential energy, or both.

40. Lesson 2-3 Freezing is a process that is the opposite of melting. The temperature at which matter changes from the liquid state to the solid state is * Solid to Liquid or Liquid to Solid (cont.)

41. Lesson 2-4 * is vaporization.vaporization Vaporization that occurs within a liquid is called boiling and the temperature at which boiling occurs in a liquid is called its boiling point. Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid

42. Lesson 2-4 At the boiling point, the potential energy of particles begins increasing.

43. Lesson 2-4 EvaporationEvaporation is * Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid (cont.) evaporation from Latin evaporare, means “disperse in steam or vapor”

44. Lesson 2-4 When a gas loses enough thermal energy, * *is called condensation.condensation Liquid to Gas or Gas to Liquid (cont.)

45. Lesson 2-5 Sublimation is the change of state from a solid to a gas without going through the liquid state.Sublimation Deposition is the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state.Deposition Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid

46. Lesson 2-5 Solid to Gas or Gas to Solid (cont.) deposition Science Use the change of state of a gas to a solid without going through the liquid state Common Use giving a legal testimony under oath

47. Lesson 2-6 Water is the only substance that exists naturally as a solid, a liquid, and a gas on Earth. At 0°C, water molecules vibrate so rapidly that they begin to move out of their places, the particles overcome their attractive forces, and melting occurs. States of Water

48. Lesson 2-6 States of Water (cont.) When water reaches 100°C, the boiling point, liquid water begins to change to water vapor. Cooling water vapor changes the gas to a liquid, and cooling the water further changes it to ice.

49. Lesson 2-6 States of Water (cont.)

50. Lesson 2-2 Describe the changes in thermal energy as water goes from a solid to a liquid. States of Water (cont.)

51. Lesson 2-6 When matter changes state, matter and energy are always conserved. Conservation of Mass and Energy

52. Lesson 2 - VS All matter has thermal energy, and thermal energy is the sum of potential and kinetic energy. When thermal energy is added to a liquid, vaporization can occur. When enough thermal energy is removed from matter, a change of state can occur.

53. Lesson 3 Reading Guide - Vocab kinetic molecular theory pressure Boyle’s Law Charles’s Law The Behavior of Gases

54. Lesson 3-1 The kinetic molecular theory states that the *kinetic molecular theory Understanding Gas Behavior

55. Lesson 3-1 Understanding Gas Behavior (cont.) How does kinetic molecular theory describe the behavior of a gas?

56. Lesson 3-2 Pressure is *Pressure The empty spaces between particles makes gases compressible. What is pressure? pressure from Latin pressura, means “to press”

57. Lesson 3-3 When the volume of a container holding gas is greater, the additional space results in fewer collisions and pressure is less. Pressure and Volume

58. Lesson 3-4 Boyle’s lawBoyle’s law states that * Boyle’s Law What is the relationship between pressure and volume of a gas if temperature is constant?

59. Lesson 3-4 The graph shows that at a constant temperature as pressure increases, volume decreases.

60. Lesson 3-5 Changing the temperature of a gas affects its behavior. As the temperature of a gas increases, kinetic energy increases, the particles move farther apart, and volume increases. Temperature and Volume

61. Lesson 3-5 Temperature and Volume (cont.)

62. Lesson 3-6 Charles’s lawCharles’s law states that * Charles’s Law How is Boyle’s law different from Charles’s law?

63. Lesson 3-6 The volume of a gas increases when the temperature increases at constant pressure.

64. Lesson 3-6 Charles’s Law (cont.) What factors must be constant in Boyle’s law and Charles’s law?

65. Lesson 3 - VS The explanation of particle behavior in solids, liquids, and gases is based on the kinetic molecular theory.

66. Lesson 3 - VS As pressure in a gas increases, the volume of the gas decreases when at constant temperature.

67. Lesson 3 - VS At constant pressure, as the temperature of a gas increases, the volume also increases.

68. Lesson 3 – LR1 A.Boyle’s law B.Charles’s law C.kinetic molecular theory D.law of thermal energy Which states that pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases?

69. The BIG Idea As matter changes from one state to another, the distances and the forces between the particles change, and the amount of thermal energy in the matter changes.

70. Key Concepts 1 Particles vibrate in solids. They move faster in liquids and even faster in gases. The force of attraction among particles decreases as matter goes from a solid, to a liquid, and finally to a gas. Lesson 1: Solids, Liquids, and Gases

71. Key Concepts 2 Lesson 2: Changes in State Because temperature is defined as the average kinetic energy of particles and kinetic energy depends on particle motion, temperature is directly related to particle motion. Thermal energy includes both the kinetic energy and the potential energy of particles in matter. However, temperature is only the average kinetic energy of particles in matter. Thermal energy must be added or removed from matter for a change of state to occur.

72. Key Concepts 3 The kinetic molecular theory states basic assumptions that are used to describe particles and their interactions in gases and other states of matter. Pressure of a gas increases if the volume decreases, and pressure of a gas decreases if the volume increases, when temperature is constant. Boyle’s law describes the behavior of a gas when pressure and volume change at constant temperature. Charles’s law describes the behavior of a gas when temperature and volume change, and pressure is constant. Lesson 3: The Behavior of Gases