1. Biometrics By, David Germakian Derek Jaskowiak Jada Johnson Aaron Woolsey

2. Biometrics automatic recognition of a person using distinguishing traits

3. Biometrics are used for two main purposes: Identification Asks, who is X? Compares the biometric sample to a database to find a match Verification Asks, is this X? Compares the biometric sample to X’s template

4. Biometric Technologies Fingerprint Face Retina DNA Voice Signature Keystroke Ear Hand/palm print Iris Vein patterns Work dynamics Not what you know, or what you have, but what you are!

5. Typical Biometric Process EnrollmentOperation Collect biological data of known subject(s) Process to extract salient features Enroll known subjects in database Collect biological data of unknown subject(s) Process to extract salient features Compare with database ACTION

6. Fingerprint Analysis: How It Works Different types of sensors: Capacitive (500 line pairs per inch standard)  Inexpensive, easily interfaced  But delicate and “dry skin problem” for 20% of pop Optical  Not in contact w/ sensing device  But residual prints may cause problems Infrared  Sensitive to worn or indistinct prints  But finger must be moved to generate signals in detector Ultrasonic  High tolerance to dirt  Not yet well developed

7. Fingerprint Analysis: How It Works Save time and space by focusing in on minutiae – structural irregularities in ridge pattern such as ridge endings Of all biometric measures, fingerprints appear easiest to implement and most practical Sensors straightforward and well developed Small processing load Intuitive requirements FAR < 1 in 100,000 FRR < 1 in 1,000

8. Fingerprint Analysis Current Applications: USB “thumb drive” authentication Computer or network access Issues with hackers obtaining biometrics Jails and airports Security and monitoring of employees is important

9. Fingerprint Analysis: Future Applications Prevent Fraud/Identity Theft Pay By Touch Prevent Illegal Immigration Encrypted chip w/ digital print in travel doc Cell Phone Access

10. Facial Recognition Can a picture catch a thousand criminals?

11. Facial Recognition  Measures a face according to its peaks and valleys or nodal points:  Distance between eyes  Tip of the nose  depth of eye sockets

12. Steps to Identification Acquisition of facial images Image processing of the facial images Unique feature extraction Template creation. Comparison of Template with Database to find a match

13. Currently Used Tampa, first city to uses facial recognition software (2001) Largest police line- up ever at SuperBowl XXXV Tampa’s Ybor city

14. Currently Used Cont’d Virginia Beach, VA Mexican Government to weed out duplicate voter registration Immunization and Naturalization utilized facial recognition systems at the Mexico-U.S. Border General surveillance at Airports (T.F Green, SFO, Logan)

15. Points of Interest Unlike the other biometrics, Facial Recognition is a passive technique that does not require the “target” to push, insert, or do anything (not as intrusive) Can also be used for surveillance purposes Does not require extra equipment as most places have cameras installed Good for clandestine operations

16. Limitations Does not work well outside of a controlled environment. Subtle changes to one’s appearance (eyeglasses and makeup) can yield a false negative Lighting, camera angle, picture quality need to be a certain way in order to get accurate results Faces are not very robust, they change over time Need a thorough database in order to get a match

17. Future of Facial Recognition Increase in accuracy as the technology continues to develop and the limitations are decreased. Governments will start to implement systems to help with border security and personal identification programs (US-VISIT program) Decrease in price-more common use Check-cashing identity verification, computer security, etc. Lawsuits- The surveillance/clandestine nature of facial recognition technology makes it a target for the ACLU and other civil liberties groups who see it as an invasion of privacy and encroachment on the fourth amendment.

18. Retinal Scans www.rpmfreelancer.com/biometrics/eye

19. Retinal Scans An identification system which examines capillaries at the back of the eye. The blood vessel pattern in the retina is more unique than fingerprints. Low intensity light with an optical coupler allows pattern to be recognized and compared to information in database. Time to verify varies: normally 10-15 sec.

20. Retinal Scans Currently, only used in high end security applications Used to control access to areas like military installations and power plants, and other high risk security areas. Cost of proprietary hardware, installation problems. Ability to adapt with larger databases in question. www.bbcnews.com

21. DNA

22. DNA Basics Deoxyribonucleic Acid DNA is found in chromosomes that exist in the nucleus of cells. 4 Base Nucleotides Found in DNA A: Adenine G: Guanine C: Cytosine T: Thymidine Human DNA is made of 3 billion Nucleotide Pair More than 99% of DNA is the same between two individuals

23. How DNA is used as a Biometric DNA samples are examined in a laboratory by a skilled technician DNA tests look at regions of DNA that do not seem to serve any purpose Commonly called Junk DNA Junk DNA is not vital in keeping the organism alive, but contains random changes or mutations passed down between generations DNA tests examine these regions in two different samples and report if they are the same or different.

24. If they are Different The test is conclusive They are not from the same person

25. If They Match Then they are either From the same person or Just a random match Chance of a random match: 1 in 100 To reduce the uncertainty Labs do 4 or 5 tests looking at different regions of the DNA This can only reduce the chances of a false match, it can not be completely eliminated

26. Today’s Uses Paternity Tests Prophase Genetics Crime Scene Investigation Innocence Project Identify Human Remains Michael Joseph Blassie

27. The Future of DNA as a Biometric Bush Administration wants 1 Billion Dollars over the next 5 years to Reduce backlog of DNA samples needing to be analyzed Expand FBI National DNA Database of convicted criminals If DNA analysis can become nearer to real- time and less expensive, then it could become more of a daily use biometric

28. QUESTIONS?