1. An-Najah National University Faculty of Engineering Auto-Tracking Solar Radiation System Prepared by : Mohammed Attayyeb Abbas Atabeh Hamza Zayed Aseel Salem Supervisor: Dr. Bashir Nouri

2. Content: -Introduction. - Overview and description. - Solar energy and the scenario in Palestine. - Literature Review. - Electrical Design. - Model Fabrication and Design. - Results and Dissection. - Conclusion.

3. Introduction Overview and description. The choice reasons. The high demand and the suffering energy sector. The aim of the project. keeping the solar photovoltaic panel perpendicular to the sun.

4. Solar power in Palestine. Solar radiation in Palestine. The annual incident solar irradiance is about 2000 kWh per m². Technologies of solar energy. Domestic solar water heaters. Solar drying. Solar desalination and cooling. Photovoltaic.

5. Literature Review. Solar panels. Design of solar tracking system. Passive vs. Active trackers. The passive tracking system depend on the center of mass. The active tracking systems can be grouped into classes by the number and orientation of the tracker’s axes.

6. Continuous vs. step-wise realignment. Drive types. Electric, hydraulic and passive drivers. Control strategy. Forward, feedback and hybrid strategy.

7. Electrical Design Arduino microcontroller. Arduino Uno. Digital input/output pins. Analog inputs. Easy programing.

9. DC motors. Two Windshield wiper motors. 12 volt. Give a suitable torque. Have internal warm gears.

10. Sensors. Photoresistor or light-dependent resistor (LDR). Light-controlled variable resistor. Has nearly the same rang of wavelength that solar PV cell can absorbs.

11. Flow chart of the control system.

12. The control circuit.

13. Model Fabrication and Design. Model Fabrication. The base frame.

14. The vertical frame.Steel rod.

15. Assemble the Upper Part.

16. Screw, fork and nut.

17. The panel holding frame.

19. Model Design Screw design. Ϭ max = 5 MPa < Ϭ allowable = 81 MPa (Safe). Ʈ max =3 MPa < 40.5 MPa (Safe). P critical = 103.5 KN > Applied load no buckling occur. Nut design. Bearing stress σ o = 0.6 MPa < σ allowable = 81 MPa (Safe).

20. Fork pin. Maximum principal stress Ϭ max = 344 < Ϭ allowable = 403 (Safe). Maximum shear stress Ʈ max = 174 < Ʈ allowable = 201 MPa (Safe). Ϭ bearing = 55.6 MPa < Ϭ allowable = 403 (Safe). The fork. Ϭ bearing max = 55.6 MPa < Ϭ allowable = 140 MPa (Safe).

21. The average readings of the power output for the dual-axis tracker and fixed panel was taken for two days which are the 9 th and the 10 th of February 2015 from morning 8:00 am to evening 4:00 pm for every half hour. The fixed panel face was directed to the south with inclination angle equal of 32º. Results and Dissection.

22. Efficiency of Dual-Axis Tracker over Fixed Panel FebruaryDual Axis Tracking SystemFixed PanelThe Ratio Monday, 9 th 45.7 W37.8 W1.2

23. FebruaryDual Axis Tracking SystemFixed PanelThe Ratio Tuesday, 10 th 43.4 W35.7 W1.2

24. Conclusion The designed dual axis solar tracker is capable to track the sun throughout the year. The presented dual axis tracking system keeps the solar photovoltaic panel perpendicular to the sun.

25. Future scope One controlling system for more than one structure. Flexible mechanical structure to hold different sizes. The system can be made to charge its power source.

26. Thank You