1. What is a wave?
A disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another location
A medium is a substance or material which carries the wave

2. General definitions of vibrations and waves
Vibration: in a general sense, anything that switches back and forth, to and fro, side to side, in and out, off and on, loud and soft, or up and down is vibrating. A vibration is a wiggle in time.
Wave: a wiggle in both space and time is a wave. A wave extends from one place to another.
Vibrations and waves: the source of all waves is something that is vibrating. Waves are propagations of vibrations throughout space.

3. Waves
When you drop a ball into water, some of the water is pushed aside and raised by the ball.

4. Parts of a wave
You can think of a wave as a moving series of high points and low points.
A crest is the high point of the wave.
A trough is the low point.

5. Parts of a wave
The frequency of a wave is the rate at which every point on the wave moves up and down.
Frequency means “how often”.

6. Examples of Frequency
What is the frequency of the second hand of a clock?
Frequency = 1cycle/60 sec Period = 60 sec
What is the frequency of US Presidential elections?
Frequency = 1 election/4 yrs Period = 4 yrs

7. Parts of a wave
The amplitude of a wave is the maximum height the wave rises above the level surface.

8. Parts of a wave
Wavelength is the distance from any point on a wave to the same point on the next cycle of the wave.
The distance between one crest and the next crest is a wavelength.

9. Wave Properties Period
The wave period, P, this the time it take one wave to pass
the observer.

10. When oscillations are small, the motion is called simple harmonic motion (shm) and can be described by a simple sine curve.

11. The speed of waves A wave moves one wavelength in each cycle.
Since a cycle takes one period, the speed of the wave is the wavelength divided by the period.

12. The speed of waves
The speed is the distance traveled (one wavelength) divided by the time it takes (one period).
We usually calculate the speed of a wave by multiplying wavelength by frequency.

13. Wave Motion, Speed, Type
Waves to transfer energy, not matter, from one place to another
A Vibrating source transfers a disturbance
Speed depends on type of vibrating source and medium through which it travels
Wave speed = f x 
The same type of wave moves at the same speed regardless of f or 
For any wave, f is inversely proportional to 

14. Wave Type Transverse waves vibrate across from direction of travel
Longitudinal waves vibrate along the direction of travel (as in a spring)

15. Longitudinal
Vibrates parallel to (in the same direction of) wave travel
sound waves
the other end of the medium without the actual movement of matter
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

16. Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

17. Longitudinal Use a Slinky to demonstrate a longitudinal wave:
Work with a partner
Stretch it out along the table
One of you grasp and draw several coils of a stretched Slinky toward yourself
Release the coils
The other student must hold his or her end of the Slinky still
A longitudinal wave pulse will be generated and travel down the length of the Slinky.

18. 24.2 Longitudinal waves
The oscillations of a longitudinal wave are in the same direction that the wave moves.

19. Longitudinal Are composed of
Compressions, where the parts of the medium (coils of the Slinky) are closer together than normal
In this investigation, you created (generated) compressional longitudinal waves
The waves traveled through a media (the slinky)

20. Longitudinal Are composed of
Rarefactions, where the parts of the medium are farther apart than normal
In this demonstration, you created (generated) rarefactional longitudinal waves
The waves traveled through a media (the slinky)

21. Sound Waves
Molecules in the air vibrate about some average position creating the compressions and rarefactions. We call the frequency of sound the pitch.

22. Wave Interference When two wave pass each other their superposition
causes reinforcement or cancellation.

23. Constructive interference
Reinforcement when the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another
Their individual effects adds together, resulting in a wave increased in amplitude

24. Destructive Interference
Cancellation when crest of one wave overlaps trough of another reducing their individual effects
Water waves show these best Out of phase- the crest of one wave arrives at a point at the same time as a trough of the second wave arrives, effects cancel each other In phase- two waves crests and troughs arrive at a place at the same time, effects reinforce each other

25. Sound Wave Interference
Interference occurs when two sounds of difference frequency
are heard superposed.
Constructive interference causes louder sound and destructive
inference cause fainter sound.
This alternating pattern produces a beat.
A piano tuners listens for beats to disappear.

26. Standing Waves
Occurs when a wave reflects upon itself and interference causes the pattern
Nodes remain stationary Anti nodes-occur half way between nodes

27. Standing Waves
Change the frequency in a standing wave and more nodes/antinodes appear in the event

28. The Doppler effect-
Change in frequency due to the source or receiver the greater the speed of the source, the greater the Doppler effect
Stationary bug
Bug swimming
Blue Shift-increase in frequency Red Shift- Decrease in frequency

29. Doppler Shift Gives Radial Velocity
True Velocity
Tangential Velocity
Radar
Radial Velocity

30. Shock Waves
Produced by supersonic aircraft, three-dimensional cone shaped
Sonic boom – sharp crack heard when conical shell of compressed air that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches listeners on the ground below.

31. What dictates the frequency of a sound wave?
(a) wavelength
(b) medium
(c) source of the sound
(d) speed
(e) amplitude
(c) source of the sound

32. For a medium transmitting a longitudinal wave, the areas of the medium where the density of the medium is temporarily increased are called...
(a) rarefactions
(b) compressions
(c) density holes
(b) compressions

33. Sonic booms from a plane are produced...
(a) because the plane breaks through the sound barrier.
(b) when the plane reaches the speed of sound.
(c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound.
(d) by the plane traveling slower than the speed of sound.
(c) by the plane traveling faster than the speed of sound

34. When you move away from a fixed source of sound, the frequency of the sound you hear...
(a) is greater than what the source emits
(b) is less than what the source emits
(c) is the same as what the source emits
(b) is less than what the source emits

35. - slower than the speed of sound
Subsonic
- slower than the speed of sound
Supersonic
- faster than the speed of sound
speed of object
Mach Number =
speed of sound

36. Transverse Vibrates perpendicular (at right angles) to the wave travel
Electromagnetic waves
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

37. 24.2 Transverse waves
The oscillations of a transverse wave are not in the direction the wave moves.

38. Transverse Use a Slinky to demonstrate a transverse wave:
Work with a partner
One of you move your end of the Slinky back and forth (left and right, like a snake crawling), perpendicular to its stretched length.
The other student must hold his or her end of the Slinky still
A series of transverse waves will be generated and will travel through a medium (Slinky)

39. Electromagnetic Waves
Wave which is capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum (i.e., empty space)
Produced by the vibration of electrons within atoms on the Sun's surface
Travel through space until they reach Earth These waves subsequently travel through the vacuum of outer space, subsequently reaching Earth

40. What determines the speed of a wave?
(a) the frequency
(b) the wavelength
(c) the amplitude
(d) the period
(e) the medium of transmission
(e) the medium of transmission

41. Water Waves A combination of longitudinal & transverse
Animation courtesy of Dr. Dan Russell, Kettering University

42. A skipper on a boat notices wave crests passing his anchor chain every 5 seconds. If the wave crests are 15 m apart, what is the speed of the water waves in m/s?
(a)  (d) 10
(b)  (e) 3
(c) 75
(e) 3

43. Mechanical Waves
Are not capable of transmitting its energy through a vacuum (space)
Require a medium in order to transport their energy from one location to another

44. Mechanical Waves
Waves traveling through a solid medium can be either transverse waves or longitudinal waves
Waves traveling through a fluid (such as a liquid or a gas) are always longitudinal waves