1. NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT Lecture 2: Darwin and a History of Environmentalism Lecturer: David Hardiman

2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

5. Two sides to Darwinism The Competitive Ethos The Cooperative Ethos

6. The Competitive Ethos Survival of the fittest in line with prevailing capitalist ethos Social Darwinism: ‘lower races’ had to give way to ‘higher civilised races’ Humans needed to maintain their dominance over nature

7. The Cooperative Ethos Humans part of nature Darwin saw positive values in nature Nature held together by ‘mutual love and sympathy’ Humans needed to co-exist peacefully with nature

11. The Environmental Movement Modern environmentalism dates back to the 1970s - realization that economic development caused profound environmental problems in many parts of the world But nothing new about the awareness of environmental problems Deforestation caused a wood-crisis from the eighteenth century, leading to forest protection.

17. Tiger hunting in British India

19. Shooting bison from the railroad - Kansas

20. John Muir (1838-1914)

21. ‘We are now in the mountains and they are in us…making every nerve quiver, filling every pore and cell of us. Our flesh-and-bone tabernacles seems transparent as glass to the beauty about us, as if truly an inseparable part of it, thrilling with the air and trees, streams and rocks, in the waves of the sun, – a part of all nature, neither old nor young, sick nor well, but immortal…’ John Muir, My First Summer in the Sierra (1874), entry for 6 June 1869

22. John Muir (1838-1914)

23. Yosemite National Park, California (Photo by Ansel Adams 1946)

24. ‘The brushing aside of the Native American created a blank canvas onto which Euro-Americans projected their ideas of wilderness’ Peter Coates, Nature, 112

25. ‘Monolith – The Face of Half Dome’, by Ansel Adams 1927

26. Snake River in the Tetons, by Ansel Adams

27. Ansel Adams taking a photograph

28. Thirlmere reservoir in the Lake District

29. Hardwicke Rawnsley on the aims of the National Trust: To ensure that places, such as the Lake District, remain ‘safe for the enjoyment of the people, unharmed by the enjoyment of the people, unharmed by the speculating builder and free from the restrictions which land preserved for sporting rights must necessarily involve.’

30. Working class support for the National Trust: ‘I am a working man and cannot afford more than two shillings, but I once saw Derwentwater and can never forget it. I will do what I can to get my mates to help.’

32. Earth First Day, Philadelphia, 22 April 1970

33. Environmental issues in the 1970s The Club of Rome, Limits to Growth (1973) painted a grim picture of the future From 1960s, satellite photography revealed massive global deforestation. Led to demands to preserve forests Oil crisis of 1973 -search for alternative energy sources Late 1970s and 1980s: Awareness of global warning, threats to the ozone layer, and health problems caused by pollution

35. Protest against the Narmada Dam, India, 2008

36. The ‘light-green society ’ Environmentalist ideas are widespread but shallow: ‘the result is a social order in which virtually every activity is touched by environmentalist concerns – but modestly, moderately, without upsetting the existing state of things too much.’ Michael Bess, Light-Green Society (2003)