2. The Origin, Expansion, & Dark Side of the Universe Lecture 25 “The Planets” Lecture 25 “The Planets” Not included on the final exam. Relax! Enjoy!

3. Announcements HW Read Ch. 24: Life in the Universe Homework Mastering Astronomy: Chapter 24 Due Friday, Dec 5, at 6pm

4. Final Exam: Thursday, Dec 18, 11:30-2:30 Pimentel Auditorium (Here, usual room) Multiple Choice Covers all Chapters: 1-5, 9-14, 24 & All Lectures. Emphasis on chapters 12, 13, 24 Review Session: Thu (Dec 11) at 5pm in VLSB2050 Come with questions !

5. The Origin, Expansion, & Dark Side of the Universe Lecture 25 “The Planets” Lecture 25 “The Planets” Not included on the final exam. Relax! Enjoy!

6. 13.8 Billion Years ago, something happened... Evidence for Big Bang: Today, all the galaxies in the universe are moving away from each other!

7. 13.8 Billion Years ago, something happened... Evidence for Big Bang: Today, all the galaxies in the universe are moving away from each other!

8. 13.8 Billion Years ago, something happened...

9. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Time and Space Created. 13.8 Billion Years Ago. Explosion: Hot and Dense. Over a trillion degrees. Universe expanding ever since. Accelerating now. Science can not describe what happened before the Big Bang.

10. Depiction of Big Bang

11. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Age of universe < 0.001 sec Universe temperature: trillions of degrees Universe contains: Quarks, Electrons, and photons. No atoms, nor even protons or neutrons: At billions of degrees, protons collide, break apart into quarks.

12. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Protons and Neutrons Are Composed of 3 Quarks

13. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Quarks destroy each other to create photons and vice versa, in Equilibrium

14. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Universe: Era of Nucleosynthesis (t < 3 min) Protons & neutrons fuse ! 4p He Some He nuclei torn apart by the high temperatures When Universe was 3 min old, it had cooled to 10 9 K. At this point, the fusion stopped Afterwards, the matter in the Universe was: 70% Hydrogen nuclei (i.e. individual protons) 25% Helium nuclei trace amounts of Deuterium (H isotope) & Lithium nuclei

15. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

16. Era of Galaxies ( age > 10 9 yr) The first galaxies came into existence about 1 billion years after the Big Bang. This is the current era of the Universe.

17. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley The Universe since the Big Bang: Gravitational Attraction of material Billions of years ago

18. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley

19. The mass of the iron (Fe) core increases - Iron can’t burn: - No nuclear reactions: no energy production! –Gravity overwhelms the gas pressure –Star Collapses! –Electrons are squeezed into protons  neutrons The neutron core collapses until abruptly stopped by neutrinos flying outward! – this takes only seconds – The core recoils, bounces, and neutrinos force the gas outward in an explosion. Core-Collapse Supernova When massive stars die: Supernova Explosions

20. Core-Collapse Supernova Explosion

21. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernova Explosions Crab Nebula in Taurus supernova exploded in 1054 The explosion brings temperature to Billions of degrees: The elements heavier than Fe are instantly created Four supernovae have been observed in our part of the Milky Way Galaxy: 1006, 1054, 1572, 1604 1604

22. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernovae Veil Nebula Tycho’s Supernova (X-rays) exploded in 1572

23. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernova Remains

24. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernova Remains

25. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernova Remains

26. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley Supernova Remains

27. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley The atoms that compose your human body were made in supernova explosions The 92 atomic elements were all constructed in the centers of stars (except hydrogen, helium and lithium). The Origin of the Atomic Elements

28. The Dark Side of the Universe Lecture 25 (continued)

29. Universe is Dark Most of the Universe is Dark Our universe is 13.8 billion years old. It is composed of 5% normal atomic matter, 27% mysterious dark matter (not atoms), and 68% dark energy,the name we give to whatever is causing the universe to expand at an acelerating rate. (From Planck – 2014)(From Planck – 2014) You, me, Earth, Planets, stars

30. Example 1: Gravity by Central Mass (Sun) determines orbital speed of planets. determines orbital speed of planets. How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ? Solar System: “ Keplerian orbits ” Earth Jupiter Mercury Orbital Speed = G M / Distance Venus Mars

31. Galaxies: “ Flat rotation curve ” How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ? Gravity by Central Mass (galaxy) Gravity by Central Mass (galaxy) determines orbital speed of stars. determines orbital speed of stars. Orbital Speed = G M / Distance

32. Galaxies: “ Flat rotation curve ” How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ? Gravity by Central Mass (galaxy) Gravity by Central Mass (galaxy) determines orbital speed of stars. determines orbital speed of stars. Orbital Speed = G M / Distance Speed doesn’t fall !  Mass, M, must be increasing outward!

33. Example 2: Gravitational Bending of Light by Mass How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ? Light Source Telescope

34. How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ?

35. Four images of the same galaxy How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ? Four images of the same galaxy

36. How do we know the Universe is Mostly Dark ?

37. What can dark matter be? Not enough mass: even Jupiter weighs only 0.1% of the Sun 0.1% of the Sun Planets?

38. What can dark matter be? Graveyards of massive stars. But massive stars are rare and made of normal atoms. Once formed, black holes suck in normal matter. So you can’t hide much dark matter in it. Black Holes?

39. What can dark matter be? Top candidate: Elementary Particles: Yet to be discovered !

40. Dark Energy 39

41. Supernova Explosions as Standard Candles The distance to the galaxy that contains the supernova: Compare how bright they know the explosion should be with how bright the explosion appears. Using the inverse square law of light, they can compute the distance to the supernova and thus to the supernova's home galaxy. Type Ia supernovae, which give off a standard amount of light.

42. 41 Example 4: Distant supernovae After After Before Before How do we know the Universe is Dark?

43. Example 4: Distant supernovae are standard candles are standard candles How do we know the Universe is Dark?

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47. Accelerating Expansion of the Universe: Dark Energy 46

48. Universe is Dark Most of the Universe is Dark Our universe is 13.8 billion years old. It is composed of 5% normal atomic matter, 27% mysterious dark matter (not atoms), and 68% dark energy,the name we give to whatever is causing the universe to expand at an acelerating rate. (From Planck – 2014)(From Planck – 2014) You, me, Earth, Planets, stars

49. CMB CMB: very cold (-270.275 C, -454.495 F) and nearly uniform relic radiation left over from the hot big bang Example 3: Cosmic Microwave Background How do we know the Universe is Dark?

50. (1965) If you had microwave eyes: Example 3: Cosmic Microwave Background How do we know the Universe is Dark?

51. 50 A picture of our universe, taken by the Planck satellite in 2013. Patterns in the hot and cold show regions hotter and cooler in our universe when it was only 300,000 years old.. Our universe is 13.8 billion years old. It is composed of 4.9% normal atomic matter, 26.6 % mysterious dark matter (not atoms), and 68.5% dark energy,the name we give to whatever is causing the universe to expand at an acelerating rate. (From Planck – 2014)(From Planck – 2014)

52. Universe is Dark Most of the Universe is Dark Our universe is 13.8 billion years old. It is composed of 5% normal atomic matter, 27% mysterious dark matter (not atoms), and 68% dark energy,the name we give to whatever is causing the universe to expand at an acelerating rate. You, me, Earth, Planets, stars

53. © 2005 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Addison-Wesley The atoms in your human body were made in supernova explosions The 92 atomic elements were all constructed in the centers of stars (except hydrogen, helium and lithium). The Origin of the Atomic Elements