1. De Bei ClaudiaComparative Politics – EPS

2. The origins and change of Electoral Institutions Duverger’s law: “The simple-majority single ballot system favours the two party system” Two forces working together: “Mechanical and psychological factor” “Cox’s M + 1 rule”

3. Endogenous Electoral System “The changes in the number of political parties usually preceded changes in electoral rules” “Electoral system designers lack complete information at the design stage”

4. Who or What affects Change in the Electoral System?  Political parties  Non party political actors  External actors  Non political experts  History  Society  Economy  Chance

5. What Makes Politics Choose in Favour of a system or another? Office seeking Policy seeking Balancing representation with governability Social and political engineering Maximizing legitimacy and fairness Other general motivations

6. What rules Governments change?  Electoral rules governed by institutional rules  Electoral system constitutionally entrenched

7. Exception and Special Circumstances Transitional contexts Electoral system stability and institutional equilibrium in long standing democracies

8. Three General Tendencies about The Electoral System  Electoral system will remain unchanged if no party or coalition will try to change the rules even if they can  Electoral system will remain unchanged when it will be too costly or practically impossible for interested parties to change the rule  Electoral change may occur due to unexpected political events (regime changes, popular movements or externally driven events)

9. Pasquini ValentinaComparative Politics – EPS

10. What CSES is about? Comparative Study of Electoral Systems Collaborative program of research Election studies Survey questions More than 50 countries

11. How does the study work? Three linked parts “micro” level data discrit level data “macro” level data

12. Results The aim of CSES is adressing the effects of electoral institutions on citizens, social and political cleavages and democratization among all different political regimes.

13. Variables avalaible Three modules Full release of CSES module 1 Advance release of CSES module 2 Advance release of CSES module 3

14. CSES module 1 : 1996-2001 survey, demographic,district level and macro data. CSES module 2 : 2001-2006 representation and accountability. CSES module 3 : 2006-2011 voteres perceptions of assessment and responses to the variety and quality of political choices in an election.

15. Sections of variables Sources of variables are divided in 5 sectors Administrative Social demographic Survey model Discrict level Macro level

16. Example

17. Example of questionnaire Example of Survey of Module 1

18. Viganò SaraComparative Politics – EPS

19. EES European Election Studies What EES are about? They study electoral participation and voting behaviour in European Parliament elections They are concerned with the evolution of an EU political Community and a European public sphere, with citizens' perceptions of and preferences about the EU political regime, and with their evaluations of EU political performance

20. Content of the web site Elections to the European Parliament are held every five years, and they are conducted in a co-ordinated fashion by universal suffrage throughout the countries of the European Union. At each of these elections, the academic community has fielded surveys of voters in all the countries that took part. This web site gives access to materials describing these surveys, from 1979 to 2009, the studies of which they formed part, and the findings of these studies. European Election Study 1979 European Election Study 1984 European Election Study 1989 European Election Study 1994 European Election Study 1999 European Election Study 2004 European Election Study 2009 Scholars involved (from 1979 on) Useful tools for the Voter Studies Integrated Data

21. EES European Election Study 1989 Study Design: Is a survey study of the electorates of the member states of the European Community: Belgium Germany Greece Ireland Denmark Italy Luxemburg the Netherlands France Portugal Spain United Kingdom This study consist on three surveys: 1-2 waves took place before the election in October-November1988 and March-April 1989 3 wave was conducted after the elections in June 1989 The data of the study have been organized in a set of interconnected data files, one of each wave and one of each different political system

22. Variables: A description list of variables has been created, listing for all the 315 variables its name, its presence (x), absence (-) in each of the three waves A documentation variable presents information on the variables as for example: - variable name - label of the variable in the dataset - full text of the questionnaire - a list of the precode response options presented to the respondent

23. VOTE INTENTIONAL/RECALL, EUROPEAN AND NATIONAL 123 VAR017 XX- Intended electoral participation VAR018 XX- Intended party choice VAR019 --X Electoral participation VAR020 --X Recall party choice VAR021 --X Reason for non-voting VAR022 --X National vs. European reason party choice VAR023 --X Expressed attitude to national government VAR024 XXX Intended electoral participation in NE VAR025 XXX Intended party choice in NE VAR026 XXX Electoral Participation in last NE VAR027 XXX Party choice in last NE VAR028 XXX EP party group (84) of party choice in 89 VAR029 --X EP party group (89) of party choice in 89

24. POLITICAL INTEREST AND COMMUNICATION 123 VAR213 XXX Interested in politics VAR214 XXX Interested in EC politics VAR215 XXX Frequency of political discussion VAR216 XXX Political interest scale VAR217 XXX Frequency trying to persuade others VAR218 -X- Frequency of watching TV news VAR219 -X- Frequency of reading newspapers VAR220 -X- Frequency of listening news on radio