1. Enzymes: Speeding Up Chemical Reactions

2. What is a Catalyst? 1. Catalyst – a “helper” that speeds up chemical reactions 1. Catalyst – a “helper” that speeds up chemical reactions Ex: lighter fluid helps a person get a fire started faster and with less energy (one match).

3. 2. Your body has different catalysts for different chemical reactions. 2. Your body has different catalysts for different chemical reactions. Your tool box has different tools Your tool box has different tools A hammer help you sink a nail more quickly, but won’t help you screw in a screw more quickly. A hammer help you sink a nail more quickly, but won’t help you screw in a screw more quickly. 3. 3. Without catalysts, it would take a long time to get energy from food as they play a major role in the digestive system.

4. 4. Catalysts catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions by lowering a chemical reaction’s activation energy. 4. Catalysts catalyze (speed up) specific chemical reactions by lowering a chemical reaction’s activation energy. For example, striking a match provides the “activation” energy the match needs to burn. For example, striking a match provides the “activation” energy the match needs to burn.

5. Enzymes 5. Enzyme - protein polymer that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction 5. Enzyme - protein polymer that acts as a catalyst for a biochemical reaction 6. An enzyme can combine only with molecules that fit its shape, like a lock and key. 6. An enzyme can combine only with molecules that fit its shape, like a lock and key. Active site 7. The molecule must bind to the enzymes active site (where they hook together).

6. Substrate Products Active SiteEnzyme 8. The enzyme helps to break some of the bonds in the molecule (substrate) that fits into it. In this way, it can break polymers down into monomers. 8. The enzyme helps to break some of the bonds in the molecule (substrate) that fits into it. In this way, it can break polymers down into monomers. 9. The enzyme catalyzes (speeds up) the splitting of the molecule (substrate) into two molecules (products). 9. The enzyme catalyzes (speeds up) the splitting of the molecule (substrate) into two molecules (products).

7. Enzyme Animation Notice here how a large polymer is broken apart by the enzyme! Notice here how a large polymer is broken apart by the enzyme! http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ecto peptidase.swf http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ecto peptidase.swf http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ecto peptidase.swf http://www.kscience.co.uk/animations/ecto peptidase.swf

8. 10. Without enzymes, many chemical reactions in the body could not occur causing various disorders: A.Lactose intolerance – a condition where the body is unable to digest milk sugars due to the missing enzyme resulting in intestinal problems. Lactaid contains lactase enzymes missing by the body.

9. B. Cystic fibrosis – disease in which an enzyme necessary to break down mucous in the lungs does not function therefore the lungs fill up with this sticky mucous. This is a genetic disorder which results in chronic lung infections and limits life span.

10. C.PKU – an enzyme necessary for normal brain development does not function properly, leading to mental retardation. A PKU blood test is used to screen newborns for the disease

11. 11. Therefore, having a single enzyme in the body that does not function properly can have devastating results. **It is our DNA (nucleic acid polymer) that determines which enzymes we make and which ones we are unable to make. **

12. Effects of Temperature and pH on Enzymes High temperatures can destroy (“denature”) enzymes. High temperatures can destroy (“denature”) enzymes. Different types of enzymes have optimal temperatures in which they work. For example, human enzymes work best in 35-40 degrees Celsius. Different types of enzymes have optimal temperatures in which they work. For example, human enzymes work best in 35-40 degrees Celsius.

13. Enzymes also have an optimal pH. The optimal pH for most enzymes is 6-8. Enzymes also have an optimal pH. The optimal pH for most enzymes is 6-8. But this is not always so! The optimal pH for enzymes within the stomach tends to be 2. But this is not always so! The optimal pH for enzymes within the stomach tends to be 2. pH that is not optimal for an enzyme can denature enzymes as well. pH that is not optimal for an enzyme can denature enzymes as well.