1. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
Chapter 29

2. Circulatory System Heart Right heart Left heart
Pumps blood through the lungs (pulmonary circulation)
Left heart
Pumps blood through the systemic circulation

3. Circulatory System

4. Circulatory System Heart Mediastinum Heart wall Pericardium Myocardium
Parietal and visceral
Pericardial cavity and fluid
Myocardium
Endocardium

5. The Heart Wall

6. The Chambers of the Heart
Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

7. The Chambers of the Heart

8. The Valves of the Heart Atrioventricular valves Semilunar valves
Tricuspid valve
Bicuspid valve
Semilunar valves
Pulmonic semilunar valve
Aortic semilunar valve

9. The Valves of the Heart

10. The Great Vessels Superior and inferior venae cavae
Pulmonary artery (trunk)
Right and left pulmonary arteries
Pulmonary veins

11. Blood Flow
Cardiac cycle
Diastole
Systole
Phases of the cardiac cycle

12. Blood Flow

13. Normal Intracardiac Pressures
A wave
V wave
X descent
Y descent
C wave

14. Normal Intracardiac Pressures

15. Normal Intracardiac Pressures

16. The Coronary Vessels Right coronary artery Left coronary artery Conus
Right marginal branch
Posterior descending branch
Left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery
Circumflex artery

17. The Coronary Vessels Collateral arteries Coronary capillaries
Coronary veins
Coronary sinus
Great cardiac vein
Posterior vein of the left ventricle
Coronary lymphatic vessels

18. The Coronary Vessels

19. Structures That Control Heart Action
Cardiac action potentials
Conduction system
Sinoatrial node (SA)
Intranodal pathways
Atrioventricular node (AV)
Bundle of His (AV bundle)
Right and left bundle branches
Purkinje fibers

20. Conduction System of the Heart

21. Structures That Control Heart Action
Cardiac excitation
Propagation of cardiac action potentials
Depolarization
Repolarization
Electocardiogram
Automaticity
Rhythmicity

22. Structures That Control Heart Action
Cardiac innervation
Sympathetic nerves
Parasympathetic nerves
Adrenergic receptor function
α- or β-adrenergic receptors
Norepinephrine or epinephrine

23. Autonomic Innervation of the Cardiovascular System

24. Myocardial Cells Nearly identical to skeletal muscle cells
Intercalated disks
Actin, myosin, and the troponin-tropomyosin complex
Troponin T, I, and C
Myocardial metabolism
Myocardial oxygen consumption

25. Myocardial Contraction and Relaxation

26. Cardiac Performance Preload Afterload Frank-Starling law of the heart
End-diastolic volume
Laplace law

27. Cardiac Performance Heart rate Cardiovascular control center
Cardioexcitatory and cardioinhibitory centers
Neural reflexes
Bainbridge and baroreceptor reflexes
Atrial receptors
Hormones and biochemicals

28. Cardiac Performance Myocardial contractility Cardiac output
Stroke volume
Inotropic agents
Oxygen and carbon dioxide levels
Cardiac output
Volume of blood flowing through either the systemic or pulmonary circuit in liters per minute

29. Cardiac Output

30. Systemic Circulation
Arteries
Arterioles
Capillaries
Venules
Veins

31. Structure of Blood Vessels
Lumen
Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica externa (adventitia)

32. Endothelium

33. Structure of Blood Vessels

34. Factors Affecting Blood Flow
Poiseuille law
Pressure
Force exerted on a liquid per unit area
Resistance
Opposition to force
Diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance

35. Factors Affecting Blood Flow
Neural control of total peripheral resistance
Change in diameter of the vessels
Baroreceptors
Arterial chemoreceptors

36. Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptors

37. Factors Affecting Blood Flow
Velocity
Laminar vs. turbulent flow
Vascular compliance

38. Laminar vs. Turbulent Flow

39. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Arterial pressure
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Effects of cardiac output
Effects of total peripheral resistance
Effect of hyperemia
Effects of hormones
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Antidiuretic hormone, renin-angiotensin system, and natriuretic peptides

40. Regulation of Blood Pressure
Adrenomedullin
Insulin
Venous pressure

41. Regulation of Coronary Circulation
Coronary perfusion pressure
Autoregulation
Autonomic regulation

42. Lymphatic System
Special vascular system that picks up excess fluid and returns it to the bloodstream
Lymphatic fluid
Lymphatic veins and venules
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Afferent and efferent lymphatic vessels

43. Lymphatic System

44. Tests of Cardiovascular Function
Noninvasive assessments
Sensorium of the individual
Mucous membrane color
Manually palpated pulse
Auscultation of heart sounds
Cardiography

45. Tests of Cardiovascular Function
Noninvasive assessments
Pulse tracing
Magnetic resonance imaging
Doppler studies
Stress testing
Chest x-ray examinations

46. Tests of Cardiovascular Function
Invasive assessments
X-ray films with barium
Nuclear imaging with radiolabeled pharmaceuticals
Hot spot imaging
Cold spot imaging
Tomographic studies

47. Tests of Cardiovascular Function
Invasive assessments
Atrioventricular bundle electrocardiography
Cardiac catheterization
Coronary angiography

48. Aging and the Cardiovascular System
Arteriosclerosis
Cross linking of collagen
Increased collagen
Changes in elastin
Atherosclerosis

49. Aging and the Cardiovascular System