1. Plate Tectonics

2. Crust The crust is formed from continental and oceanic crust The crust covers the whole Earth

3. Convection currents The crust moves on convection currents formed from heat in the core. convection currents

4. Pangea pangea into the future

5. Tectonic plates Earth is separated into 12 major tectonic plates. You are here

6. Plate Boundaries Where plates come together they form boundaries. There are three types of boundaries. 1)Divergent 2)Convergent 3)Transform

7. Divergent Plate boundaries These boundaries exist where plates are spreading apart. As plates spread magma wells up from the mantle. New crust is formed. Lots of volcanic activity and earthquakes.

8. Divergent plate boundary

9. Mid Atlantic Ridge

10. Iceland Iceland sits right on the mid-atlantic ridge. They live on a volcanic island. As the plates continue to spread what is going to happen?

11. Convergent Plate boundary At convergent boundaries plates are moving together. One plate moves under the other one. This is called subduction. The oceanic plate will subduct under the continental plate because it is less dense. subduction

12. Formation of mountains Mountains Formed at continental-continental plate boundaries.

13. Pacific Northwest Along Washington and Oregon coast. This is why we have a lot of mountains volcanoes, and earthquakes When the plate sticks, pressure builds up until it releases. This is an earthquake. Subducting crust melts and rises to the surface CO

14. Transform boundaries Large jagged edges are slipping past each other in a transform boundary. When the edges stick energy builds up, when it suddenly releases that is an earthquake.

15. Three types Shield Cinder cone Composite

16. Volcanoes Formed at divergent or convergent boundaries. Magma rises to the surface. Carbon dioxide builds up pressure. Pressure releases CO2, ash, lava, pyroclastic clouds.

17. Shield Volcanoes Largest in the world Formed at divergent boundaries Slow moving magma builds walls gradually Hawaii Mauna Loa, Hawaii largest volcano in the world

18. Cinder cone Smallest volcanoes Formed from ash and not lava Usually less than 300- 400 feet tall When they erupt they force out gases, ash, and lava in tiny bits.

19. Composite volcano

20. Composite Volcanoes pyroclastic flow “pyro” means fire, “clastic” means rock, so it is a cloud of rock, gas and fire. These flows can travel hundreds of miles an hour Most volcanoes on the ring of fire are composite volcanoes, a mix between cinder cones and shields. Most destructive eruptions

21. Lahar flow Lahars are caused by melting snow, ash, and mud. The mix makes the water have a consistency of wet concrete. Lahars can travel up to 70 mph.

23. Mt. St. Helen eruption of mt st helen

24. Hot spots The Earth’s crust is thin In the middle of plates, magma might well up and melt some of the rock. These spots are called hot spots

25. Hawaii Hawaii is in the middle of the Pacific plate, not on a boundary

26. Yellowstone National Park yellowstone supervolcano

27. man falls into volcano

28. Earthquakes When the crust shifts suddenly energy is released. The focus is the place in the Earth where the energy is first released. The epicenter is the point on Earth’s surface that is directly above the focus.

29. Faults Breaks in the crust of the Earth. Can form where plates meet and away from the edge of a plate. Faults

30. How energy travels When rock breaks within Earth’s lithosphere it releases energy that is carried by seismic waves. Primary waves (p-waves) Underground, travel fast through the Earth, similar to sound waves.

31. Seismic waves Secondary waves Underground, travel more slowly than p-waves. Can only travel through solids. Surface waves Travel along the surface in a rolling motion.

32. How do we know the structure of the Earth? refraction

33. Measuring Earthquakes Magnitude: measurement of energy released at the source. Intensity: amount of shaking and damage. Richter Scale: Used to compare the sizes of earthquakes. Seismograph: detects earthquakes and measures their magnitudes.

34. Richter scale

35. Earthquake video Tsunami How earthquakes form What caused Japan's tsunami? What caused Japan's tsunami scientist and lava lake