1. Resilience management in the Built Environment
Dr Kaushal Keraminiyage
Centre for Disaster Resilience
School of the Built Environment
University of Salford
Salford
Greater Manchester
M5 4WT, UK

2. Outline Resilience - the concept Characteristics of resilience
The Built Environment
A Resilient Built Environment…
Potential areas of the resilient management curricula within RESINT

3. re·sil·ience Function: n
1: the power or ability to return to the original form, position, etc., after being bent, compressed, or stretched; elasticity.
2: ability to recover readily from illness, depression, adversity, or the like; buoyancy.
Collins English Dictionary

4. “Resilience, or the power of resisting a body of motion”
Thomas Tregbold
Elementary Principles of Carpentry, 1853, p78

5. “Social resilience is the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change”
Adgers (2000) Social and ecological resilience: are they related? Progress in Human Geography 24(3),
Defines social resilience as the ability of social systems to absorb change and to maintain their integrity. Can be defined collectively – it is a property of a system rather than of individuals.
This article defines social resilience as the ability of groups or communities to cope with external stresses and disturbances as a result of social, political and environmental change. This definition highlights social resilience in relation to the concept of ecological resilience which is a characteristic of ecosystems to maintain themselves in the face of disturbance. There is a clear link between social and ecological resilience, particularly for social groups or communities that are dependent on ecological and environmental resources for their livelihoods. But it is not clear whether resilient ecosystems enable resilient communities in such situations. This article examines whether resilience is a useful characteristic for describing the social and economic situation of social groups and explores potential links between social resilience and ecological resilience. The origins of this interdisciplinary study in human ecology, ecological economics and rural sociology are reviewed, and a study of the impacts of ecological change on a resource-dependent community in contemporary coastal Vietnam in terms of the resilience of its institutions is outlined.

6. "The capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt, by resisting or changing in order to reach and maintain an acceptable level of functioning and structure. This is determined by the degree to which the social system is capable of organizing itself to increase its capacity for learning from past disasters for better future protection and to improve risk reduction measures.”
Terminology of disaster risk reduction
UNISDR
UK Resilience
“The Government's aim is to reduce the risk from emergencies so that people can go about their business freely and with confidence.”
UK Cabinet Office

7. Disaster resilience

8. Characteristics of resilience
Understanding
Resistance or absorbance
Redundancy
Adaptability and tolerance
Learning
Coping with the unknown
Creativity
Improvisation

9. Characteristics of resilience
Understanding
Known threats
Construction of Pearl River Tower X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds. 
Collapsed section of the San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge in response to Loma Prieta earthquake

10. Characteristics of resilience
Capacity to resist of absorb
Some physical redundancy
Construction of Pearl River Tower X-bracing to resist lateral forces of earthquakes and winds. 
The first and perhaps most important principle – capacity – is that all infrastructures have, or should have, the capacity to withstand "known" disruptions, such as hurricanes and floods. Capacity includes not only the ability to absorb such disruptions but also a margin of additional ability to cope with disruptions larger than anticipated.
Brittle

11. Characteristics of resilience
Functional redundancy
System, network of nodes
Duplication of services
Number of bridges
Number of airports/runways

12. Characteristics of resilience
Adaptability and tolerance
Loose coupling
Localised capacity
Loose coupling
When one node of an infrastructure element fails, that failure will not immediately propagate to and/or affect other nodes.
Localised capacity
Generators to ensure critical services can still operate
Management of buildings and preparedness plans are key

13. Characteristics of resilience
Learning
Investigations by the University of California at Berkeley and the Louisiana State University
Katrina, a category 5 hurricaine hit New Orleans
Levees designed to regulate water levels
Design failings – overestimated soil strength, soil strength was greater in calculations than actually existing; also presence of peat with a high water
Erodable materials
Insufficient capacity

14. Improvisation ‘no plan ever survives contact with the enemy’
Identified a need for quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions
Sun Tzu, Art of War
Sun Tzu emphasized the importance of positioning in military strategy, and that the decision to position an army must be based on both objective conditions in the physical environment and the subjective beliefs of other, competitive actors in that environment. He thought that strategy was not planning in the sense of working through an established list, but rather that it requires quick and appropriate responses to changing conditions. Planning works in a controlled environment, but in a changing environment, competing plans collide, creating unexpected situations.
An old military adage

15. Creativity

16. Characteristics of resilience
Understanding
Resistance or absorbance
Redundancy
Adaptability and tolerance
Learning
Coping with the unknown
Creativity
Improvisation

17. The built environment
Attempts to describe in one holistic and integrated concept, the results of human activities
The 2008 Research Assessment Exercise in the UK describes research in the built environment as, ‘encompassing the fields of architecture, building science and building engineering, construction, landscape, surveying, urbanism’ (HEFCE, 2008)
In Higher Education, Griffiths (2003) describes, ‘a range of practice-oriented subjects concerned with the design, development and management of buildings, spaces and places’.

18. Characteristics of the built environment (Bartuska, 2007)
It is intended to serve human needs, wants, and values
Much of it is created to help us deal with, and to protect us from, the overall environment
Every component of the built environment is defined and shaped by context

19. Consequences of these characteristics if it is damaged or destroyed
The ability of society to function – economically and socially – is severely disrupted
Severely disrupts economic growth and hinders a person’s ability to emerge from poverty
Removes protection from hazards and increases a community’s vulnerability
Individual and local nature of the built environment, shaped by context, restricts our ability to apply generic mitigation and reconstruction solutions
Gross Domestic Fixed Capital Formation in construction typically forms 45 – 60 per cent of the total capital formation in all countries (Hillebrandt, 2000). Statistically it measures the value of additions to fixed assets purchased by business, government and households.

20. Resilience through the products and processes of the built environment
Construct
Nurture
The built environment
Develop
Protect
Stimulate
Facilitate
Adapted by Haigh and Amaratunga (2011) from Kretzmann and McKnight (1993)

25. Empower local people, particularly the marginilised

26. Sand mining
Parsicuda

27. Buildings and infrastructure have the potential to both connect and divide communities

28. A resilient built environment
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Resist – buildings, spaces and places that maintain their original form and purpose
Adapt –
Change -

29. A resilient built environment
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

30. A resilient built environment
Understand hazard threats
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

31. A resilient built environment
Understand hazard threats
Local and external capacity development
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

32. A resilient built environment
Understand hazard threats
Local and external capacity development
Culturally appropriate methods and technologies
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

33. A resilient built environment
Understand hazard threats
Local and external capacity development
Culturally appropriate methods and technologies
Hazard resistant materials and technologies
Protective infrastructure
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

34. A resilient built environment
Understand hazard threats
Local and external capacity development
Culturally appropriate methods and technologies
Hazard resistant materials and technologies
Protective infrastructure
Retrofitting
Response plans, temporary shelter and services
Sustainable development and planning
Learn from previous hazard events
“design, develop and manage context sensitive buildings, spaces and places, which have the capacity to resist or change in order to reduce hazard vulnerability, and enable society to continue functioning, economically and socially, when subjected to a hazard event”
Local and external capacity development of skills and knowledge

35. Thank you Credits: Prof Richard Haigh and Prof Dilanthi Amaratunga