1. UNIT 2: SELF AND OTHERS AREA OF STUDY 2: INTELLIGENCE & PERSONALITY

2. PERSONALITY Because we can’t see it or touch it, this makes it really hard for psychologists to come up with a commonly accepted definition of personality A widely accepted definition of personality is; Personality is an individual’s unique pattern of thoughts, feelings and behaviour that are relatively stable over time and across situations. It incorporates your individual attitudes, values, morals, motivations, wishes, loves and fears

3. CLASS ACTIVITY LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.1 (pg.509)

4. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGISTTYPETITLE SIGMUND FREUDPSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY CARL JUNGPSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY THEORY OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TYPES GORDON ALLPORTTRAIT THEORYHIERARCHY OF TRAITS RAYMOND CATTELL TRAIT THEORY16 PERSONALITY FACTOR MODEL HANS EYSENCKTRAIT THEORYP.E.N. MODEL PAUL COSTA ROBERT McCRAE TRAIT THEORYFIVE FACTOR MODEL CARL ROGERSHUMANISTIC THEORYPERSON-CENTERED THEORY

5. THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1.PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Psychodynamic Theory of Personality (Sigmund Freud) 2. TRAIT THEORIES Hierarchy of Traits (Gordon Allport) 16 Personality Factor Model (Raymond Cattell) P.E.N. Model (Hans Eysenck) Five Factor Model (Paul Costa & Robert McCrae) 3. HUMANISTIC THEORY Person-Centered Theory (Carl Rogers)

6. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.2 (pg.511)

7. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES SIGMUND FREUD Psychodynamic Theory of Personality Personality is a result of unconscious psychological conflicts and how effectively these are resolved by the individual

8. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY STRUCTURE ID:Innate, biological needs which all of us are born with (those needs which help us to survive). Often described as the demanding, impulsive, illogical, irrational and extremely selfish force. Seeking immediate satisfaction EGO:The part of our personality which is realistic, logical and orderly. Plays a mediating role against the ID SUPEREGO: Is our conscience, always looking over us, judging our thoughts, feelings and actions according to the morals and ideals of the society in which we live. The superego is responsible for guilt when we do something wrong

9. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY

10. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.3 (pg.515) LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.5 (pg.516)

11. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS Freud used this term to describe the unconscious processes by which the ego defends or protects itself against anxiety arising from internal conflicts. Defence mechanisms reduce the anxiety that the ego feels when having to defend itself against the id and the superego. Defence mechanisms occur unconsciously. Some examples of the different types are over on the next slide.

12. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY DEFENSE MECHANISMS

13. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.6 (pg.517)

14. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT Freud said that our personality is fully developed by 5-6 years of age He believed that personality development is sequential and progresses through a series of 5 stages (psychosexual stages)

15. PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORY OF PERSONALITY STRENGTHSLIMITATIONS Freud’s psychodynamic theory describes and explains how personality develops throughout the lifespan, whilst this is overlooked by other theories Many agree that adult personality is significantly influenced by experiences early in life There is research evidence supporting the use of defence mechanisms, although in order to support self- esteem rather than reduce anxiety Mental processes can occur below the level of conscious awareness Few contemporary psychologists believe that personality development proceeds in age-related stages Most believe that personality continues to develop throughout the lifespan Freud’s theory lacks scientific research evidence Often criticised for his lack of attention to the importance of social interactions or socio-cultural influences

16. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.9 (pg.522)

17. TRAIT THEORIES Personality Trait=a personality characteristic that lasts over time and across different situations TRAIT THEORIES Focus on measuring, identifying and describing individual differences in personality in terms of traits Assumes that personality traits are relatively stable and predictable over time Assumes that personality traits are relatively stable across different situations Personality consists of a number of different traits, and that some people have more or less of each trait than others Some traits are more closely interrelated than other traits and tend to occur together (sets of traits are called dimensions)

18. TRAIT THEORIES GORDON ALLPORT Hierarchy of Traits Found 4500 words considered to be suitable descriptors of personality traits Organised these ‘trait words’ into three groups as a hierarchy

19. HIERARCHY OF TRAITS CARDINAL TRAITS: Are very dominant personality traits to the point of controlling someone’s life. They are usually rare but motivate behaviour (eg. greed for money) CENTRAL TRAITS: A personality trait present in varying degrees in all people within a culture or society. The building blocks of our personality and influence our behaviour in many situations (eg. intelligent, honest, shy, anxious) SECONDARY TRAITS: A personality trait present in varying degrees in all people, influencing behaviour, but dependent on the specific situation

20. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.12 (pg.526)

21. TRAIT THEORIES RAYMOND CATTELL 16 Personality Factor Model Cattell thought that Allport’s model had too many traits Through factor analysis he reduced Allport’s number to 16 dimensions (or ‘factors’ as he called them) Also identified two types of traits; SURFACE TRAITS: A trait that can be observed indirectly through behaviour (eg. easygoing) SOURCE TRAITS: An underlying trait that can be observed in behaviour through a set of source traits (eg. outgoing)

22. 16 PERSONALITY FACTOR MODEL Cattell developed the 16PF test from his theory Creates an overall picture of a person’s personality and allows comparison between individuals

23. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.14 (pg.528)

24. TRAIT THEORIES HANS EYSENCK P.E.N. Model Thought that Allport’s model had too many personality factors (16) so he reduced them to three He calls them ‘dimensions’ PSYCHOTICISM – not a dimension but present in all individuals in some capacity ALLPORTEYSENCK RESERVED – OUTGOINGEXTRAVERSION – INTROVERSION AFFECTED BY FEELINGS – EMOTIONALLY STABLE NEUROTICISM – EMOTIONAL STABILITY

25. P.E.N. MODEL He developed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) to test a person’s personality 160 Self Report Items The questions are designed to measure the 9 traits that underlie each of the 3 dimensions. Look over the page for these

26. P.E.N. MODEL

27. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.16 (pg.531) LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.17 (pg.531)

28. TRAIT THEORIES PAUL COSTA & ROBERT McCRAE Five Factor Model Described 5 factors (or broad dimensions) of personality traits Openness to experience Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism PAGE 532 in the text book describes the dimensions for each of these factors (Box 12.6)

29. FIVE FACTOR MODEL Widely recognised as the most accurate representation of personality The 5 factor model shows the structure of personality and describes personality. It does not explain personality Costa & McCrae developed two inventories to test personality: NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI)

30. TRAIT THEORIES STRENGTHSLIMITATIONS Have provided useful descriptions of personality and its structure Have provided the foundation for the development of valid and reliable personality assessment devices The theories and associated tests are based on ‘why’ we develop the traits we have Can lead people to use oversimplified classifications and descriptions of people Underestimate the ways in which specific situations and socio-cultural factors can influence human behaviour Tend to underestimate the uniqueness of each individual

31. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.19 (pg.535)

32. HUMANISTIC THEORIES CARL ROGERS Person-Centered Theory Developed his theory through his clinical work with clients Believed each of us contains within ourselves an enormous potential to grow and develop for the rest of our lives Likened a person to a seed growing into a tree

33. PERSON CENTERED THEORY A well adjusted and happy individual is one whose (1) IDEAL SELF (2) SELF-IMAGE and (3) TRUE SELF are congruent (they match) EG: Important to you to be generous (IDEAL SELF) You believe you are generous (SELF IMAGE) You behave in a generous manner(TRUE SELF)

34. PERSON CENTERED THEORY Q-SORT TEST Rogers believed that you cannot ‘score’ or ‘rate’ personality Therefore he developed a ‘Q-Sort Test’ to measure how congruent your ideal self, self-image and true self are ‘I AM AFRAID OF WHAT OTHER PEOPLE THINK OF ME’ Is this statement most like you or least like you? Rogers would then ask you to rate the same statement in relation to your ideal self, then again in relation to your self-image, and finally in relation to your true self This is done for a large number of statements He then checks if your responses are congruent across the 3 selves

35. HUMANISTIC THEORIES STRENGTHSLIMITATIONS They focus on the positive dimensions of personality They give a complete picture of how a healthy person develops Provides a description for the development of an unhealthy personality They are often criticised as being simplistic, idealistic and vague Can’t often be tested scientifically Often criticised as being unrealistic in its view of the world as it does not consider pessimism or the capacity for evil Humanistic theories are often considered subjective and developed under a non-scientific basis

36. HOMEWORK LEARNING ACTIVITY 12.21 (pg.538)